Privacy In Demand Essay -- essays research papers

     Like most countries and especi everyy the United States their inhabitants admire a certain level of privacy. People dont largely want intimate development to be accessible to the public eye. In fact m any people go to great lengths to hide e realthing most themselves. What exactly is the definition of privacy? Well, privacy is the expectation that confidential individual(prenominal) training disclosed in a private place entrust not be disclosed to third parties, when that disclosure would cause all embarassment or emotional distress to a person of reasonable sensitivities. This information includes facts, images (ex photographs and videotapes), and disparaging opinions. When over zealous police force enforcement officials demand access to border conversations, e-mail or other electronic communication they ar violating the offhanded code of privacy. When organizations from the private sector purchase intimate information more or less medical reco rds either for commercial spirits, or to challenge your insurance eligibility or employment suitability. Unfortunatly this is a common practice in the United States and it is wrong.      eldest of all, what does the authorities do to secure this private information? The answer is very little. There are bascially two different laws that effect privacy. These two laws are the Privacy telephone number of 1974 and the Freedom of Information act. At a first-class honours degree inspection the two laws seem to work against each other. In nobble the Privacy Act of 1974 keeps information in government records concerning individuals discreet. The Privacy Act of 1974 gives the individual the rights to see and copy files that the federal government maintains on him or her. It also gives the right to know who else has access to that information, and to request a diverge to any information that is not accurate. The most important part of this law is the fact that the go vernment is not allowed to use any information for any purpose other than the one for which it was initially collected. This is important and will be addressed later on.The Freedom of Information Act is apply largely to pry open government files. It was designed to help individuals obtain information about the actions of government. The law proclaims that any citizen is to be given access to government records unless the disclosure involves litigation, the CIA, personal m... ... independence from every take. Basically this states that a mug shot data base will be created by virtually all non-criminals. This is a violation of privacy. When the DMV issued the drivers license there was neer any intent to create a mug shot from the information on the card. In 1992 The DPPA(Federal Drivers Privacy Protection Act) was created to make a nation mugshot database. This act authorized the sale of drivers names, addresses, birthdates, social shelter numbers, drivers license numbers, di gital signatures, and digital photographs to private companies for the purpose of making a registry of identifying information. Fortunatly, this act was ruled unconstitutional for it was in violation of the tenth amendment. However, before this act was ruled unconstitutional the state of South Carolina sold the complete contents of it drivers license information for a mere five thousand dollars.      Now with the mental institution of the internet it is becoming increasingly difficult to control the publication of personal and private information. Any information that is collected should not be used for any other purpose except for what it was originally accepted.

Water Resource Should Be Nationalized

piddle RESOURCES SHOULD BE NATIONALIZED INTRODUCTION pee resources argon sources of piddle that be useful. The valets is fast running prohibited of usable pee. Anthropogenic activities are depleting and polluting this mortal well spring of life at a startling rate. The array ineffective management of water ignores the potential of conservation and embraces the chimeric ersatz of convert magnitude supply. Degraded watersheds, drying local pond systems, shrinking canal profitss, and wetland adulteration as a result of anthropogenic activity and climate diversify relegate water to the status of scarce commodity. The ever-increasing stress caused by population growth and concomitant increased agriculture and industrial demands for water has created an probable scenario of water fiddlingage that requires augmentation. The assessed needs could be met with more(prenominal) effectual function of intra-basin resources, except in case of Cauvery and Vaigai basins wher e limited water ravishs could take interpose by transferring water from Godavari River. Despite this report, plans were floated to combat water deficits by conveyance of title surpluses to water deficient locations.Various political sorties and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) members in Tamil Nadu felt up that linking river water resources could enhance the realization of water needs. These political pressures pushed the proposal for con playd, star to Supreme Court direction to the g every overnment of India demanding that the government take locomote to interlink certain study rivers of the country by the division 2012, spell out the beginning of the Interlinking of Rivers Project. WHAT IS NATIONALIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES?The rivers unraveling from the trades union to mho are non hundred per cent utilised by the individual states efficiently. Because whatsoever state may need water and some may not need depending upon the geographical location, requirement, agricul ture etc. So the unused water from these rivers are directed to the sea. So what the government has intend is to subject areaize the rivers by constructing a water channel from north to south , want how the national full(prenominal)ways are in that location in our country , we go away have the water highway routes in the form of the channels. INTERLINKING OF RIVERS wholly ancient civilizations over world were born, bred, flourished and advanced by the river banks. Rivers are, therefore, an integral part not all of human foundation nevertheless the very existence of life on our planet The Earth. Indian culture owes its mastery to the rivers which are the life and blood of the nation. That is why they are worshiped as goddesses on the whole over the country. Role of rivers in human life and now in national development, progress and prosperity, development of agriculture, science, technology or industry is beyond description.In olden days when there was no problem of overpopu lation water resources provided by these rivers were sufficient for the population living by the banks. But with the ever increasing burden of population and multiplicity of demand for water for various purposes ranging from plain needs to industrial needs and for generation of power judicious work of this born(p) resource has become an absolute necessity. India is a country with vast population with extremes of climate, different topography, varied types of soils, annual rainwater ranging from 5 cm to more than 1000 cm. ome part facing the havoc of runs and other separate thirsty for rain drops. Hence a scheme for effective and efficient management of water resources was prepared which envisages interlinking of 37 national rivers finished 30 colligate across 9600 km with 32 connecting dams. The apex court of India has issued a directive to the government of India to interlink these rivers within a closure of 10 years. The government on its part has set up a task force und er former power minister, Suresh Prabhu to build national consensus, work out detailed plans and to see that the entire work is end by the year 2016.In view of the director general of National Water Development Agency (NWDA) the interlinking of rivers should be based upon- INTER-BASIN TRANSFER Inter-basin transfer is an outstanding example of effective and efficient management of water resources on the basis of need of the people Interbasin transfer or transbasin diversion are (often hyphenated) terms used to describe man-made conveyance schemes which move water from one river basin where it is gettable, to another basin where water is less available or could be utilized better for human development.The purpose of such(prenominal)(prenominal) designed schemes can be to alleviate water shortages in the receiving basin, to bring forth electricity, or both. The national water development agency (NWDA) has estimated that the advise would cost Rs. 5, 60,000 cores at 2002 prices. The devise Inter basin transfer aims to deliver 173 cardinal cubic meter of water with a 12,500 km maze of canals which would irrigate 34 million hectares of land and would supply drinking water to 101 districts and five metro cities. THE NWDA HAS DIVIDED THE INTERLINKING OF RIVER PROJECT INTO cardinal PRIMARY COMPONENTS 1.THE HIMALAYAN COMPONENT PROPOSING A CONSTRUCTION OF 14 CANALS The project intends to link the bramaputra and its tri only ifaries with the ganga and the ganga with the Mahanadi river to transfer surplus water from east to west. The scheme envisages flood control in the ganga and brahmaputra basins and a reduction in water deficits for umpteen states which is estimated to cost Rs. 3, 75, 000 core. 2. THE PENINSULAR COMPONENT WITH A PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF16 CANALS. River interlinks are envisaged to earn the states of Orissa, Karnataka,Tamil nadu,Gujarat,Pondicherry,and maharastra. he linkage of the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers is proposed to feed the Krishna, pennar,cauvery,and vaigai rivers. Transfer of water from Godavari and Krishna entails pumping 1200 cusecs of water over a crest of about 116 meters. Interlinking the ken with the Betwa, Parbati, Kalisindh, and Chambal rivers is proposed to benefit Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The river links to cost Rs. 1, 85, 000 cores. It is planned to transfer 141 km3/yr through peninsular India and 33 km3/yr Himalayan links essentially for redistribution in the Ganga basin and to westbound India.Only small volume of water can be transferred from the Brahmaputra basin. Thus in totality 1660 km3/yr of development water resource can be created which can take care of any exigencies. THE BENEFICIARIES OF RIVER LINKING The politically important friendship for drawing up the river linking plan was the emergence of major national and multinational industries and rapid urbanization in legion(predicate) an(prenominal) of the low water handiness natural regions of the west and south. It was purporte d as well as to help the commercial farming buttonhole for sugarcane.A case of mortgaging the nations future for a miniscule pie-eyed population. The plan is aimed at ending the flood problems of the Gangs and Brahmaputra and at the corresponding measure solving the drought problem in southern India by laughable surplus water of the snow-fed rivers to the rain fed Peninsular river. Help block floods in north and east, drought in south and west of the country. India depends to a great extent on monsoon. Interlinking bequeath help irrigation, which in turn depart help increase the crop yields by making farmers less subject on monsoon and ensuring a year long water supply.These worlds bring an extra 35 million hectares under irrigation whereby per capita food grain consumption would be doubled in spite of the increase in population. This interlinking of rivers lead provide food security to the country. Additional 34,000 k. w. electricity will be generated against the prese nt 24,000 k. w. I. e. it will be more than doubled. This would give an impetus to the industrial sector as well. It will not just be a linking of rivers but a linking of lives. It will promote national integration. River transports is not only cheaper but to a fault a non-polluting transport alternative.This has been a success in Europe. Experts suggest that even canals can be used for moving onus between the states. Interlinking of rivers will generate employment opportunities all over the country especially in agriculture sector, power, transport and construction works. This project alone can enhance the GPD by 4%. Above all migration from rural areas will reduce which would reduce congestion in urban areas. Decentralization of industries would be a natural phenomenon with the availability of water and power. hurdling IN INTERLINKING OF RIVERSUndoubtedly, interlinking of rivers would provide innumerable facilities and comforts but certain hurdles are bound to arise in the capit al punishment of the project. In the first instance many canals will pass through national parks and sanctuaries and many people may be displaced by the building of dams and canals. The construction of reservoirs and dams may swallow up the natural habitats of godforsaken life and the ecology of the country may be subjected to unknown consequences. gravid areas under forests may be submerged under water.According to some scientists monsoon rains come all over the country at one and the same time, hence interlinking rivers may cause floods. Then rivers alike(p) Ganga and Brahmaputra are international rivers, hence consent of adjacent countries like Nepal and Bangladesh would be a necessity for the completion of the project. Country is already facing a trash over sharing of Kaveri river water. Further conflicts may arise between the states on the issue of sharing of water between them. Dams tend to sometimes provoke he condition of floods They cause water logging and soils become salty and unsuitable for crops if floodwater from the east is transferred to other areas the biodiversity of these regions will be affected the plants evolution in these regions will die, many animal and bird species that live there will become extinct. the severe drought during summer in many separate of the country is due to mismanagement of water and not because a lack of it. Steps should be taken to conserve water at the local level instead. Finally financing of the project will not be so easy.FUDAMENTAL OBJECTIONS TO RIVER LINKING 1. Linking of rivers violates the natural laws governing the life support system, and natural dynamics and discounts the bounties provided by river systems. 2. The issue of flood plains and spill basins by human interference has caused devastating floods. River linking shall enhance this side. 3. Man-made dams, reservoirs, and artificial lakes that are to be project ingredients would rob the rivers of their energy potential. 4. In fact, stupendou s energy would be needed for the rivers to jump over the natural water divides and topo-barriers. . Rainfall and water availability is regulated by the monsoons, resulting in a highly bimodal annual river flow and moisture regime with consequential seasonal lows (droughts) and highs (floods). River linking shall sure as shooting aggravate both droughts and floods by superimposition of the situation in each of the linked rivers. 6. Such linkages could possibly be thought of in more clement latitudes with a more homogeneous annual moisture/flow regime. However, the Soviet experience of river diversion has even then been catastrophic, resulting on the devastation of the Aral Sea. . A river is not a mere flow channel, but a holistic system encompassing the whole basin water divide, catchment, valley and springtime point. Any alteration shall affect the whole system and even expedite microclimatic changes. 8. Inestimable loss of natural biodiversity, wild cultivars and plant gene b anks shall necessarily follow river linking to disrupting the regional food chain operation. 9. Monsoonal rain on the disruptive catchments shall cause excessive siltation-related problems in the linking systems. 10.Careful scrutiny of the state of environmental wellness of various rivers should have been first made before clean rivers are linked very filthy rivers. 11. River linking shall inevitably lead to an alteration of the seasonal water availability pattern and the possibility of upsetting the evapo-transpiration balance. 12. An inevitable change in the cropping pattern from excessively irrigated lands after river-linking shall cause a major increase in methane and other gases that contribute to global warming. 13. Land adulteration shall also be inescapably aggravated. 4. The colossal estimated cost will surely jeopardise the national economy for decades and force diversion of funds from the more essential needs of the vast majority of rural poor. 15. The inter-state an d international ramifications of shared riparian systems would certainly open the floodgates for a civil war situation and serious discord with Indias neighbours. Not only is any such proposal for inter-basin transfers totally repugnant to all natural and economic logic, but shall alter the subcontinents geographical configuration.In the ultimate analysis, the proposal shall signal the termination knell of our river systems that provide the principal source of sustenance and encompass social, heathen and religious traditions. INTERLINKING MAJOR RIVERS WILL REDUCE FARMER SUCIDES The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hasdrawn out a blue grade for implementing the project with the help of images collected from the Remote Sensing and Cartosat satellites launched by it in 2007 and 2008.Though the UPA government which came to power in 2004 had included the inter linking of peninsular Indian rivers as one of the top priorities in its Common Minimum class nothing was heard abou t it afterwards. India and Pakistan are locked in water war over the construction of power projects on Jhelum on their respective territories. Snow-fed rivers like Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra, which originate in the Himalayas, and their tributaries are perennial. They continue to flow throughout the year. During monsoons, they tend to overflow and inundate large flood prone areas and cause loss of ife, livestock, crops and property. Rain-fed rivers like Luni in Rajasthan remain dry for most part of the year because the rainfall is scanty in that area resulting in drought like conditions. The volume of water in the west flowing rivers of Central Highlands, Narmada and Tapti is straight off proportional to the amount of rainfall received during the monsoon season. Hence, there is a eer an element of uncertainty in availability of water. To the North of the Vindhyas, the Malwa plateau and the Chhotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand are comparatively better placed as they are bushed(p) by steady Ganga and Yamuna.But due to the absence of adequate river valley projects a large quantity of water wastefully flows into the Bay of Bengal through Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. In the peninsular region too, the rainfall is uneven, While the Western Ghats receive high rainfall, the Eastern Ghats receive very less. States like Tamil Nadu lie in the r tin shadow area and get little rainfall from advancing South West monsoons. The East flowing rivers of the Deccan Plateau-Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery enfeeble this area. seasonal worker RIVERS OF THE SOUTHTo overcome the problems of flood and drought a whopping Rs. 5,60,000 crore river linkage project has been envisaged. The perennial and often inundating rivers of the north will be attached with the dwindling and rather seasonal rivers of -the south through a network of canals so that the former are stopped from overflowing and the latter are regularly replenished, curbing floods and famines at the same time. The projec t will also ensure regular, adequate and timely supply of water to all parts of the country for agriculture, industry and consumption. Of the three big Himalayan rivers, Indus has been left out because there is a natural connectivity in the shape of its tributaries like Sutlej, Beas and Jhelum which drain and well cater to the needs of the Indian part of the Indus basin. Water from Brahmaputra shall flow into Ganga. Two main headwaters in the ,Himalayas the Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda join at Devprayag and flow as Ganga thereafter. It enters Northern plain at Haridwar. Yamuna joins it at Allahabad. Yamuna, in turn, is joined by its tributaries like Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken. Sone joins Ganga directly andDamodar joins its distributor Hooghli. As the Ganga river system drains the States of Haryana, Southern Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and major parts of West Bengal many times its water falls short of the required quantity. Linking Ganga with Brahmaputra shall solve this problem. Brahma- putra carries a tremendous volume of water. When it enters India at Namcha Barwa the undercutting through with(p) by this powerful river is of the order of 5500 meters. With the eastern States receiving rotund rainfall during monsoon, season the danger of floods looms large in many areas of Assam and Bihar nigh every year.The linkage will mean diversion of . excess water from Brahmaputra into Ganges ,and this problem of floods shall be taken care of automatically. Ganga will be connected to Mahanadi and Godavari. This, will boost agriculture in the States of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Godavari will be further linked to Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery replenishing their depleting, waters. It will help Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and many parts of the Eastern ghats and the rain shadow areas of the South which get little rainfall from the advancing monsoons.This will bring smile on the faces of the farmers of the South many of which committed or contemplated suicide due to crop failures. This may also solve the dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over sharing of Cauvery waters. Narmada will flow into Tapi helping mainly the farmers around Satpura range. Yamuna will flow into Sabarmati which, in turn, will be linked to Luni. It will benefit many areas of Gujarat and the empty state of Rajasthan. Thar desert of today may become the prosperous Sahara in future, who knows?

Case Study Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics Essay

Not-for-profit constitutions primary conclusion is non to increase sh beholder grade rather it is to provide some soci every last(predicate)y desirable need on an ongoing basis. It generally lacks the m nonpareiltary flexibility of a commercial effort be practice it depends on resource providers that argon not engaging in an permute transaction. The resources provided be directed towards providing goods or services to a client other(a) than the actual resource provider. Thus the not-for-profit must demonstrate its stewardship of donated resources money donated for a specific purpose must be used for that purpose. (LII 1992) For-profit schemes primary goal is making money (a profit), which focuses on a goal such as constituent the community and is concerned with money save as ofttimes as necessary to keep the agreement operating. or so companies considered to be businesses are for profit organizations this includes any(prenominal) intimacy from retail stores to resta urants to restitution companies to real solid ground companies. (Business dictionary) Good abstract Try not to use dictionaries or encyclopedias as references for college-level papers. Case Study AnalysisI start decided to do my case write up on the not-for-profit organization run into of Dimes and the for-profit organization indemnification Companies. These two different organizations are similar in what they stand for and that is wait oning the client by any means possible. They are also very different due(p) to the nature of their organization and what they have to offer. I am dependable to the highest degree to prepare a Case Study Analysis of face-to-face and Organizational Ethics and set between the For-Profit ( indemnification Companies) and Not-for-Profit Organization ( march of Dimes). Be surely to give a strong thesis distinguishment in your prior paragraph.The not-for-profit organization, March of Dimes provides mothers, pregnant women and women of ch ildbearing age with educational resources on infant health, pregnancy, preconception and new motherhood, as well as supplying knowledge and support to families affected by prematurity, nascency defects, or other infant health problems. Have you ever thought ab tabu how difficult it is for a rape to be born without low birth weight, prematurity, or birth defects? After visiting the March of Dimes website I learned that over 460,000 newborns in the United States alone are born prematurely.I found that the March of Dimes, Mothers March, and Walk-America were merely three of the well-known, not-for-profit organizations in the United States. severally of these organizations main focus is putt an end to prematurity and each do work to make their name well-known. The March for Dimes, has been highly effective in advocating for womens and childrens health. The not-for-profit organization is also a coarse sponsor for frequent awareness campaigns the organization represents some of the most famous names in medicine and is organized into to a greater extent than 90 local chapters, overseen by a national office.The organization was comprised of volunteers and researchers in a partnership, and today the like holds true. The predictable objective of course is to fight until prematurity and birth defects no continuing exist. The fundament was founded by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938. The organization began as the National groundwork for Infantile Paralysis. The name March of Dimes coined in the late 1930s by vaudeville star Eddie Cantor as a play on the contemporary newsreel series The March of Time was headmasterly used for the foundations annual fundraising event and gradually became synonymous with that of the organization.It was officially espouse as the organizations name in 1976, when it became known as the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. In 2007, the name became the March of Dimes Foundation. The March of Dimes original goal or direction for the organization was for eliminating polio and that was done, so thusly they wanted to make a choice to either change their care or do away with the organization all to sufferher. While putting together all their strengths and weaknesses of the organization they came up expanding the organization against birth defects, arthritis, virus diseases, and premature births.They wanted to be watch over a flexible force in the field of public health. The March of Dimes has been described as a bureaucracy that has copen on a life of its own through a classic example of a process called goal displacement. Break-up giant paragraphs into little paragraphs On the other hand, every business or individual is capable to many different types of risks such as fire, theft, burglary, accident, etc. Some of the risks bed be conveyed to companies known as Insurance companies, the for-profit organization. Insurance agencies insure the wrong of the insured.It is the best certificate against risk s to businesses, properties, and life. Like the dangers and risks of businesses, human life is also macroscopical to many different risks. A family generally depends on the in write out brought in by the head of household, hardly when a death suddenly occurs, the family may be left in a very different and hard situation. endlessly is not a part of the human life. Insurance replaces this by providing financial compensation. Moreover, it is a contract between the insurer and the insured under which the insurer undertakes to compensate the insured for the loss arising from the risk insured against.In context the insured agrees to pays premium regularly. Having insurance means that, in exchange for requital an insurance company agrees to cover the expenses in an event that would otherwise cause financial loss for the policyholder. In short, having insurance means that out-of-pocket expenses plainlyt be prevented or diminished. The insurance policy represents a legally cover ver sion contractual agreement between the policyholder and the insurance company and spells out how oft financial protection is.Some of the estimable perspective and value of the not-for-profit and the for-profit organization is that the March of Dimes is built on their delegacy statement that very more embraces it first, answering battalion in need. Volunteers have really studied this mission to guide them through this selfless act. They maintain a high ethical standard and avoid all selfishness. Also defining and enforcing standards of quality service, and straining for continuous improvement. Nevertheless, insurance companies claim that their mission and values are about growth of the people and the companys performance.It ranks both making a difference and getting things done. Dont these two organizations have the same concept when they talk about what their ethical perspective and values? They are always looking for ways to improve the organization to bring to more than pe ople to them and doing what is right for the customer. However, these two organizations have their set back reasonable like everyone else. Some key problems that the March of Dimes face is stated from the heart Issues Institute For 20 years National Right to Life, its 50 state affiliates and its almost 3,000 chapters have maintained a boycott against giving any contributions to the March of Dimes.The reason for this started back in 1972. At that time, the March of Dimes sponsored a major seminar on transmittedally handicapped unborn babies. It pioneered the technic of diagnostic, mid-trimester amniocentesis. It began to teach a nation you could take some of the fluid from the sac around the baby in the middle of the pregnancy, and find out if the child had a genetic problem such as Downs Syndrome or spine-a-bifida. Once this was determined, about 95% of these babies would be killed by miscarriage. Although the March of Dimes officially takes a neutral side on abortion, their ac tions often portray a pro-abortion position.Most recently, they have seek to hide a clearly established link between abortion and premature births. March of Dimes, whose motto is Saving Babies, Together, must be more vigilant in educating women who have had previous abortions of the need to get down adequate prenatal care during subsequent pregnancies. This is would be the biggest problem that the March of Dimes has to face, but there are so many followers that think what this organization does because they agree with that their mission statement says and their values.We help moms have mature pregnancies and research the problems that threaten the health of babies. Recognizing, respecting and balancing the rights, roles, health and safety. This organization has summon a long way from when it was first founded and all the research has been for such a great cause, there is no stopping them now. Insurance companies likewise face dilemmas in their own organization with moral haza rd and unfavourable selection Due to the existence of the insurance policy has altered your behavior.You take more risks, making a loss from burglary more likely than if you were uninsured. When the person on one side of a bargain knows more about what is being bought and sold than the person on the other side. Also, the tendency for people who are more at risk than the average to purchase insurance and for those who are less at risk than the average to reject insurance. Insurance companies are driven by success and without a little selfishness they would not be where they are today. Yes, they do help out the customer, but something has to come to a price (the final print).So I would say it is not in a bad way due to the fact they help out people in certain events and we feel that sense of protection when we walk out of an insurance agency. These key problems impact the organizations much more then we know. In the March of Dimes situation people provide not know if they should deposit them and maybe they will start to thin that they are just all talk. After all the hard work the organization is going to have to put their heads together to come up with a strategy to reassure these mothers that they are the real deal and they are the ones that force out help in their time of need.If it is for your children as a parent I will do anything possible for the health and safety of my children. As far-off as insurance goes, people will get discouraged and just rather not pay, drive and live without insurance. So they will just deal with it when it happens. In my opinion, is not worth it. I have worked with insurance for the past 7 years and I have seen people in all different kinds of situations, but because they put themselves there. We try to explain everything in the best way that we lowlife, but some people still are not convinced that the insurance companies want to help.I think that due to this is when the rates or premiums go up and people are enquire wh y, this is where the company gets selfish. Once the company reaches the point they want they will come back down. So in my experience in working with them, I think people will realize that they need insurance when something happens and they cannot get out of it by themselves and they need help. Insurance companies are there to help, but for a price. As I am reading your paper, I know that you do not have any in-text citations with supporting discussion from your references.This concludes the study of theories and paradigms underlying personal and organizational values and ethical principles, how personal values and ethical principles relate to the organizations in which people function, and the effects of the organizations ethics on its reputation, functioning and performance. As much as I know now about the Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between the For-Profit (Insurance Companies) and Not-for-Profit Organization (March of Dimes) they are two organizations that want one thing and that is to help the customer. Both have good mission andvalue statements that they should pin too and continue doing what they are doing. The March of Dimes is here to offer the help to mothers that they cannot get anywhere else for them and their children. You can meet some really great people along the way that are sharing the struggles as you and all they have on their mind the well-being of their children. Insurance companies will not go away and they will not stop being selfish, but this is for the better. You feel more protect when you walk out the door of your bag and get into your vehicle or close up at your business.Yes, things will happen, but there is someone their help you out and get you out of something that you cannot do alone. I love my job and what I do tidy sum just remember to just get informed when purchasing insurance and dont be afraid ask questions about something you have no idea about. Same goes for the March of Dimes, there is so much info rmation on the web about this organization and how they are unbidden to help you. Dont get discouraged just one piece of bad article you read. Go and find out, what is the worst that can happen when you just want more information on who to trust in your situation.

Computer Knowledge Essay

Ever since I was little, I keep back been exposed to the different types of technology. The most important type is the computer. Before world able to use computers for fun, I had to take the time to thoroughly shoot the unique skills in order to be perfect at it. The premier(prenominal) time I touched a computer I knew that I had a special interest in it. My past experiences with computers include having to hunt club specific topics for papers and science projects and PowerPoints for school.This involves researching on different search engines, like Google, Bing, and Yahoo, and making sure you have valid training. Ive intentional from past research projects that Wikipedia isnt a good source of information because any person is allowed to add/discard any sort of material. one of the main reasons I am so good at computers argon because of the social networks. For example, using Twitter has improved my technological skill so much because you need to know how to navigate the ent ire Google Chrome or Internet Explorer.Without the knowledge of these, it is impossible to use the internet. The sectionalizationes that taught me how to professionally use a computer like Microsoft PowerPoint and Word were the technology courses I took all end-to-end Middle School like my Introduction to Information Technology class in 6th grade. That course is what taught me everything I know and without that I would belike be clueless on everything proficient.

Applied Concept Paper: Critical Thinking Structures for Business Ethics Essay

Executive SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to try my judgment of the previously mentioned fundamental concepts and capability in arrangement to touch them to the actual melodic line world done applications of my critical thinking skills. winder concepts such as morality, social debt instrument, whistle-blowers, sustainability, stakeholders, and environmental stewardship be mentioned in Chapters 3 and 4 of (Wheelen, 2012). This paper discusses recent terms regarding moral philosophy in the Atlanta creation teach Systems, a violation of the inscribe of ethics by the occasion wellnessS let outh chief financial officer back in 2010, and Wal-Marts la streak ethics contr everyplacesy. In addition, this paper targets distinguished concepts such as social responsibility, sustainability environmental stewardship and how they involve the stakeholders of Patagonia Clo amour Company, Carlportland, U.S silica and Lucky Stone Company. These companies have proven themselves to be in the forefront of sustainability initiatives through their everyday practices.From this research, I learned that adhering to the send awayon of estimable motive in the strain world is important on many an(prenominal) levels. It guides both get offrial decisions, creating a common framework upon which all decisions are founded. In order for companies to fully meet their social responsibility, they should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical and human rights concerns into their business operations and core strategy. Furthermore, the concept of sustainability has come to the vanguard of the global understanding that economics, environmental health and human well-being are interconnected. This ultimately demonstrates that generating high-quality products in a responsible route increases brand reputation, competitive advantage, and most importantly financial success.Abstracts* Investigation into APS Cheating Finds Unethical look Across e very level This article talks about how across the Atlanta unrestricted School system (APS), staff members worked in secret to cheat on testing results. The reputation accuses discharge district officials along with school teachers and administrators, of erroneousness which had been happening for years. In some schools, deceiver became a routine, a bulge of administrative duties during the annual state examinations. It grew into an organized crime of falsifying test results for children who could not score high teeming to meet the districts self-imposed goals. In addition, Beverly Hall, former superintendent, and her big top aides, lied to top investigators, washed-up and altered public records, tampered with information, and misled police to avoid taking responsibly for their wrong doingss. This resulted in a culture of fear, intimidation, and retaliation in the APS. * Former Health South chief financial officer Talks to Business Students About Workplace moral philosoph y This article discusses the ethical challenges that many CFOs face in the workplace.Aaron re, former HealthSouth CFO, served prison house time for forging the confederations finances and breaking the figure of ethics. Beam warned students of the ethical dangers in todays workforce. He mentioned why accountants and CFOs get trapped into lying, and feel intimidated by their superiors. In this article, attic touches on many important points, such as, how money changes people, how having more ad hominem possessions does not guarantee happiness, and most importantly, how we need to stand by our principles and ethics all the time. After spending three months in the Montgomery jail, Beam learned his lesson he wrote a book, opened a lawn ser wickedness business, and opinionated to share his experience with business students in universities across the nation.* Wal-Marts Ethics ControversyThis article debates how an employee ended up jobless after honouring the Wal-Mart ethics guideli nes. Chalace Epley Lowry started working for Wal-Mart in January of 2006, and after a few days at the job, she witnessed unethical demeanour from the VP of her department. Lowry suspected that Ms. Williams, the VP of Corporate Communications mogul have traded inside information about the partys stock. She questioned it and filed a formal complaint with her immediate supervisor she thought that it was the honorable thing to do. In return, her identity got disclosed to the offender, do it uncomfortable in her arrangement since Mona Williams was effectively her boss. Also, she got a lower performance review, and when she complained, she was told to find another(prenominal) job.* Patagonia blueprint for Green BusinessThe above article is the story of how Patagonia, an outdoor-clothing and equipment firm, and its founder, Yvon Chouinard, took his passion for the outside and turned into a successful business. By conducting business in a non-traditional way, Chouinard created a hi gh society with a different outdoor style that makes $270 one thousand million in yearly revenues. This organization is among one of the starting signal in the States to provide onsite day perplexity, as well as both maternity and composition leave, and flextime. Patagonia reuses materials, questions growth, ignores fashion, makes profounds that last, and discontinues profitable products. With a laidback atmosphere for employees, its production is at full capacity. Mr. Chouinards biggest dream is to turn Patagonia into a totally sustainable, ECO friendly fellowship, where people make happy coming to work, and he can sleep well at night.* pursue Sustainability Business Initiatives, a Large Business In this article, the National Stone, spine and Gravel Association (NSSGA) severalises their long producers member companies, which are pursuing sustainability initiatives through their everyday practices. The first one, CalPortland Company, one of the major producers of Portland cement, has been pursuing environmental stewardship for years. The secant one, Lucky Stone Company, one of the largest family- knowledgeed and operated aggregates companies in the U.S, has an excellent environmental reputation. And the ternary one, U.S. Silica, is a leading producer of industrial minerals which recently adopted a formal sustainability policy. This article similarly emphasizes what these companies have in common and highlights the benefits companies go forth obtain by making sustainable decisions now.ConceptsEthics is be by the school text as the consensually accepted standards of behavior for an occupation, a trade, or a profession. There is no worldwide standard of conduct for business people. This is oddly true given the global nature of business activities. Cultural norms and sink vary amid countries, ethnics groups and even among geographic regions (Wheelen, 2012). A Code of ethics specifies how an organization expects its employees to behave while on the job. A code of ethics, (1) clarifies company expectations of employees conduct in various situations and (2) makes clear that the company expects its people to recognize the ethical dimensions in decisions and actions. (Wheelen, 2012). whistle-blowers are defined by the author of the textbook as those employees who report illegal or unethical behavior on the part of others. Even though the Sarbanes-Oxley Act forbids firms from retaliating against anyone reporting unethical acts, 82% of those who uncovered fraud reported being ostracized, demoted or pressure to abandon (Wheelen, 2012).The concept of Social Responsibility as it is explained in the textbook proposes that a private society has responsibilities towards the society that extend beyond making a profit. Many business people have agreed upon the main responsibilities of a business, which are Economic, Legal and Ethical. Being socially responsible does provide a firm a more positive overall reputation (Wheelen, 2012). Su stainability may include more than just ecological concerns and the natural environment. It can withal include economic and social aspects. In the business environment, in order for a firm to be sustainable, it must be successful over a long period of time and it must satisfy all of its economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities (Wheelen, 2012). Stakeholders are a large group of people with pursuance in a business organizations activities.This group gets touched by the achievements or failures of the firms objectives (Wheelen, 2012). Some exercisings of Key Stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government agencies, shareholders, suppliers, unions, and the community where the business operates. Environmental Stewardship refers to responsible use and certificate of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices. Environmental stewardship defined in simple terms as dealing with mans relation to land and to the animals and plan ts which grow upon it (Leopold, 2013). AnalysisThe article about the APS unethical practices touches on one important concept Ethics. For years the Atlanta School District produced gains on state curriculum test by slicker on students exams. Years of misconduct took place at all levels of the organization, from the top of the chain of command to the Superintendents office. The victimize prevented many struggling students from getting the extra help they needed (Vogell, 2011). It also created an atmosphere of stress and deception among school employees. Top investigators in the example came up with three possible reasons that cheating flourished in APS. 1. The district posture unrealistic goals, and pensions and raises were based on the test results. 2. Because the target test results roseate every time the school reached the goal, the pressure rose. Cheating was, therefore, the only way to obtain the results. 3. The top officials refused to accept responsibility. However, I di sagree with those three reasons. further because goals are unattainable, that does not slopped we have to act unethically. Once the cheating started, it could not be stopped.It collapsed on itself, as lying usually does. If top leaders refused to take responsibility, it was their choice. We, as individuals, have to be responsible for our own actions. Teachers are responsible for part students become better members of society this includes dogma them good citizenship skills. There are always grey areas in passkey codes of ethics because there are many areas that are subjective. Personal honor and honesty are required by all who agree to follow a code of ethics. If an educator observes someone practicing unethical behavior, it is his/her art to report such behavior through the proper administrative channels. In the article that talks about the former CFO of HealthSouth, Aaron Beam, he warned students about the ethical challenges that are in the workplace. I especially enjoyed t his article because it touches an important subject, the code of ethics. Even the most ethically-aware professionals find their standards challenged on a daily basis. As accountants, part of the code is to represent the public interest, and sometimes that may mean putting it ahead of the companys interest.As a CFO, that duty is heightened. In addition, the first people employees look to are the CEO and CFO to trance if they have a real commitment to ethics. If they behave unethically, employees are seeming to do so as well. A respectable CFO must be able to stand up to his/her boss with truth and to speak unpleasant truths when necessary. Not only can inappropriate behavior lead to compliance failures, fraud, and theft, but the consequences can adversely guess employee esprit de corps and the firms reputation. An ethical framework is built by making the right choices in the little things. Integrity is doing the right thing, even if nada is watching (annonymus). In the third art icle about Wal-Mart, we see an employee who is next the companys code of ethics and acts as a Whistle-blower when she suspected an unethical act was committed by her department head. It is important to note that Wal-Mart prides itself on having one of the strictest and most stringent ethics policies in the retail industry (Gogoi, 2007).However, that was not true in this case. Instead of honour Ms. Lowrey for such a heroic act, her identity got exposed, and she was encouraged to find another job within the company in 90 days. She even go through a lower performance evaluation after the incident. She felt foiled to see the way an ethics complaint was handled by a corporation like Wal-Mart. Most of Wal-Mart scandals are perpetuated by a culture of silence. sooner than addressing the concerns that are affecting workers across the country, Wal-Mart has attempted to silence those who speak out for changes that would help the company, workers, and the community. As front line Wal-Mart workers are facing hardships, the company is making almost $16 billion a year in profits. Meanwhile, the Walton Family (heirs to the Wal-Mart fortune), are the richest family in the country. All of this has taken a toll on Wal-Marts image. Some people will not shop at Wal-Mart because they do not want to support a company that they recognize is unfair to its workers.Reading about Patagonia got my attention, since I have purchased their outdoor products without rattling knowing the companys history. This unique business is conducted upside spile and inside out. Decades before recycling became a common practice, Patagonia was already reusing materials. The companys founder believed in putting the Earth first, by attaining sustainable practices, while making unbelievable profits ($270 million in revenues yearly). This company would not release toxins into rivers or chase endless growth. All of Patagonias products are produced with the highest level of quality and manufactured in the most socially responsible way. Patagonia became the first company in California to use renewable sources, like wind and solar energy, to power all its buildings and one of the first to print catalogs on recycled paper. With a payroll of 350 employees, the boss greets them by name. At the sweatshops facility, workers overlook a playground of the companys day care facility.The people that works there are anything but slackers it was impressive to see how involved in sustainability their employees are, said Matt Kristle, a senior vice president of Sams Club (Casey, 2007). In addition, the owners agree to march on Patagonia privately held and say no to anything that may compromise their observes. Also, a good portion of the companys profits is being donated to grass grow organizations, $26 million since 1985. As a company, all of the stakeholders are sincerely committed to doing the right thing. That is why Patagonia serves as a blueprint for afterlife businesses that want to foll ow this path. In the last article I chose, there are three companies within the same industry that pursue sustainability initiatives through their everyday practices. They all agree that environmental stewardship and social responsibility can interact to increase stakeholder value as well as shareholder value, (Schlett, 2011). U.S Silica, CalPortland and Lucky Stone voluntarily assist their communities in resolving the issues that affect them. For example, CalPortland, does material donations for the City of DuPonts war memorial.Lucky Stone collaborates with the throng River Association to create a spawning reef for the endangered Atlantic sturgeon species. U.S. Silicas effort to protect an endangered turtle species near daddy plant is admirable, as well as helping feed topical anaesthetic homeless people once a month. By helping their communities to work social issues, these companies are helping themselves by increasing brand value and reputation, improving their license to oper ate, and reducing their risks. Conforming to environmental laws is not enough anymore.Consequently, pursing environmental stewardship elevates an organization into the Risk Management category. And that, when implemented together with social responsibility initiatives for greener products and processes, moves the company into the Business and Sustainable Development. A good example of that is that all three companies have been working through their environmental guidance systems to go beyond compliance by implementing Best Management Practices. By encouraging a culture of environmental and social stewardship, these three large producers are at the forefront of sustainability, and as a result they are recognizing financial and sustainable success.ConclusionAfter carefully analyzing all the articles, I came to the conclusion that all those concepts are intrinsically related. It is important to understand that business ethics go beyond legal issues. Ethical conduct builds cartel amon g individuals and in business relationships, which validates and promotes confidence between people. One of the principal causes of unethical behavior in organizations today is overly aggressive financial or business objectives. Abusive or intimidating behavior is another of the most common ethical problems for employees. Making ethical choices is sometimes the most intemperate thing, especially when the one losing out is you or your business. Yet, for the greater good and the pursuit of mankind, one has to look at business as well as personal ethics and evaluate them periodically.All professions have a set of values that are the cornerstone of their belief system and the foundation of their practice. A Code of Ethics is important on many levels. It sets the tone from the top of the companys culture. An effective Code of Ethics establishes the ethical expectations for employees and worry alike and sets forth the mechanisms for enforcement and consequences of noncompliance. There are four dimensions of social responsibility economic, legal, ethical, and voluntary, including philanthropic. Earning profits is the economic foundation of any company, and complying with the law is the next level.However, a business whose sole objective is to maximize profits is not likely to consider its social responsibility, although its activities will probably be legal. Sustainability is the balance between people and the environment. Air, water, and land are all impacted by the behavior and actions of human beings, but these impacts can be controlled. The challenge for companies in the 21st century is developing an environmentally responsible strategy that keeps them ahead of the game, helping them maintain an advantageous position in the marketplace. It is not enough to only if check boxes, publish a sustainability report, or reduce waste in factories. Companies must be truly innovative in terms of how they manage their relationship with the environment.Works CitedCasey, S. (2007, May 29). Patagonia Blueprint for Green Business. Retrieved from http//cnnmoney.com. Gogoi, P. (2007, July 13). Wal-Marts modish Ethics Controversy. Retrieved from http//www.Bloomberg Businessweek. Leopold, A. (2013, January 31). Aldo Leopold Quotes. Retrieved from aldoleopold.org http//www.aldoleopold.org/greenfire/quotes.shtml Schlett, W. (2011). Pursuing Sustainable Business Initiatives, a Large Business. Stone, gritrock & Gravel Review , 44-48. Vogell, H. (2011, July 26). Investigation Into APS Cheating Finds Unethical Behavior Across Every Level. Retrieved from http//www.ajc.com. Wheelen, T. L. (2012). Strategic Management and Business Policy Towards ball-shaped Sustainability (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NY Prentice Hall.

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay

japan achieved sustained step-up in per capita income amid the 1880s and 1970 by means of industrialization. Moving a colossal an income suppu dimensionn trajectory finished working out of manufacturing is exactly unique. Indeed Western Europe, Canada, Australia and the unite landed estates all attained racy directs of income per capita by shifting from agrarian-based turn proscribed to manufacturing and technologically sophisticated service vault of heaven activity. Still, in that respect are four distinctive features of lacquers exploitation with industrialization that merit discussionThe proto-industrial basejapans countrified productiveness was high enough to sustain substantial craft (proto-industrial) business in both rural and urban areas of the earth prior to industrialization.Investment-led ripeningDomestic enthronement in industry and root was the driving draw in behind increment in Nipponese verbotenput. Both private and universe sectors inves ted in stem, home(a) and local political sympathiess serving as coordinating agents for infrastructure build-up. * Investment in manufacturing efficiency was more often than not left to the private sector. * wage increase interior(prenominal) savings made increasing chapiter accumulation possible. * lacquerese growth was investment-led, not export-led.Total fixings productivity growth achieving much egressput per unit of measurement of input was fast. On the supply side, center factor productivity growth was extremely important. Scale economies the reduction in per unit costs due to change magnitude levels of output contributed to score factor productivity growth. Scale economies existed due to geographic concentration, to growth of the national economy, and to growth in the output of individual companies. In addition, companies moved level the learning curve, trim back unit costs as their cumulative output rose and choose for their product soared. The fon d capacity for import and adapting unknown engine room alter and this contributed to total factor productivity growth * At the household level, investment funds in study of children improved favorable potentiality.* At the firm level, creating internalized lowtaking markets that bound firms to workers and workers to firms, thereby giving workers a strong incentive to flexibly adapt to new engineering science, improved social capability. * At the presidential term level, industrial policy that reduced the cost to private firms of securing conflicting technology compound social capacity. Shifting out of low-productivity repose into high productivity manufacturing, mining, and twisting contributed to total factor productivity growth.DualismSharply segmented diligence and big(p) markets emerged in japan after the 1910s. The ceiling intense sector enjoying high ratios of bang-up to draw back paid relatively high wages, and the stab intensive sector paid relatively low wages. Dualism contributed to income inequality and therefore to domestic social unrest. later 1945 a series of domain policy straighten outs communicate inequality and erased much of the social bitterness around dualism that ravaged lacquer prior to pieceness War II. The remainder of this article will stretch on a number of the themes mentioned above. The app dismis sextette reviews quantitative evidence concerning these confidential informations. The finish of the article lists references that provide a wealth of detailed evidence musical accompaniment the points above, which this article can only begin to explore. The Legacy of Autarky and the Proto-Industrial economy Achievements of Tokugawa lacquer (1600-1868)Why japan?Given the relatively poor eternalise of countries outside the European cultural area few achieving the kind of catch-up growth japan managed betwixt 1880 and 1970 the question naturally arises why Japan? aft(prenominal) all, when the unify States forcibly opened Japan in the 1850s and Japan was force to cede extra-territorial mightilys to a number of Western nations as had China prior in the 1840s, many Westerners and Nipponese a same thought Japans prospects key outmed dim indeed.Tokugawa achievements urbanisation, road networks, rice cultivation, craft production In respond this question, Mosk (2001), Minami (1994) and Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) emphasize the achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) during a long period of coatingd country autarky in the midst of the mid-seventeenth carbon and the 1850s a high level of urbanization easily genuine road networks the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the extensive elabo appreciateness of irrigation ditches that supported and encouraged the refinement of rice cultivation based upon alter seed varieties, fertilizers and planting methods especially in the Southwest with its relatively long growing season the development of proto-industria l (craft) production by merchant houses in the major(ip) cities like Osaka and Edo (now called capital of Japan) and its diffusion to rural areas after 1700 and the progress of learning and population control among both the military machine elite (the samurai) and the lucky peasantry in the eighteenth and primaeval nineteenth centuries. Tokugawa political economy daimyo and shogunThese developments were natural from the political economy of Japan. The system of confederation government introduced at the end of the fifteenth century placed certain index fingers in the hands of feudalistic warlords, daimyo, and certain proponents in the hands of the shogun, the around powerful of the warlords. Each daimyo and the shogun was depute a geographic region, a domain, being given taxation dictum over the peasants residing in the villages of the domain. Intercourse with foreign powers was monopolized by the shogun, thereby preventing daimyo from cementing alliances with acter( a) countries in an effort to overthrow the central government. The samurai military retainers of thedaimyo were agonistic to cast out rice husbandry and reside in the castle town home of their daimyo overlord.In exchange, samurai received rice stipends from the rice taxes collected from the villages of their domain. By removingsamurai from the countryside by demilitarizing rural areas conflicts over local water rights were largely made a thing of the past. As a result irrigation ditches were protracted without the valleys, and riverbanks were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding. The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread diffusion to villages after 1700 was too inseparable from the productivity growth in paddy rice production and the growing of industrial crops like tea, fruit, mulberry tree plant growing (that sustained the raising of silk cocoons) and cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has gi ven experience of place to these domestic sources of Japans future industrial success. zeal to emulate the WestAs a result of these domestic advances, Japan was well positioned to take up the Western challenge. It harnessed its infrastructure, its high level of literacy, and its proto-industrial distribution networks to the task of emulating Western organizational forms and Western techniques in force production, premiere and foremost enlisting in entire energy sources like char and the different fossil fuels to generate steamer power. Having intensively developed the organic economy depending upon natural energy flows like wind, water and fire, Nipponese were quite prepared to master inorganic production after the Black Ships of the Americans forced Japan to jettison its long-standing autarky.From Balanced to Dualistic reaping, 1887-1938 Infrastructure and Manufacturing Expand Fukoku KyoheiAfter the Tokugawa government collapsed in 1868, a new Meiji government connected to the fit policies of fukoku kyohei (wealthy country/strong military) took up the challenge of renegotiating its treaties with the Western powers. It created infrastructure that facilitated industrialization. It reinforced a modern navy and army that could keep the Western powers at bay and establish a protective buffer zone in North East Asia that eventually formed the basis for a burgeoning Nipponese empire in Asia and the peaceful. Central government reforms in education, finance and fare Jettisoning the confederation style government of the Tokugawa era, the new leaders of the new Meiji government fashioned a unitary state with powerful ministries consolidating authority in the capital, Tokyo.The freshly minted Ministry of Education promoted compulsory primary schooling for the masses and elite university education aimed at deepening engineering and scientific acquaintance. The Ministry of Finance created the stick of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private bank ing system support up a lender of last resort. The government began building a steam railroad trunk line girding the four major islands, back up private companies to affairicipate in the project. In particular, the national government committed itself to constructing a Tokaido line connecting the Tokyo/Yokohama region to the Osaka/Kobe conurbation along the Pacific coastline of the main island of Honshu, and to creating deepwater harbors at Yokohama and Kobe that could accommodate deep-hulled steamships. Not surprisingly, the merchants in Osaka, the merchant capital of Tokugawa Japan, already well versed in proto-industrial production, turned to harnessing steam and coal, investment heavily in integrated spinning and weaving steam- pokingn textile mill about during the 1880s.Diffusion of surmount- make husbandryAt the same time, the abolition of the three atomic number 6 or so feudal fiefs that were the backbone of confederation style-Tokugawa rule and their integrating int o politically weak prefectures, under a strong national government that virtually monopolized taxation authority, gave a strong push to the diffusion of best put on unsophisticated technique. The nationwide diffusion of seed varieties developed in the Southwest fiefs of Tokugawa Japan spearheaded a substantial improvement in agricultural productivity especially in the Northeast. Simultaneously, expansion of agriculture utilise traditionalistic Japanese technology agriculture and manufacturing using imported Western technology resulted.Balanced growth egress at the close of the nineteenth century was balanced in the sense that traditional and modern technology using sectors grew at roughly equal rates, and get the picture especially young girls recruited out of farm households to moil in the steam using textile mill around flowed back and forth between rural and urban Japan at wages that were roughly equal in industrial and agricultural pursuits. geographical economies of crustal plate in the Tokaido crashConcentration of industrial production first in Osaka and ulteriorly without the Tokaido belt fostered powerful geographic racing shell economies (the ability to reduce per unit costs as output levels increase), cut back the costs of securing energy, raw materials and access to global markets for enterprises located in the spectacular harbor metropolises stretching from the massive Osaka/Kobe complex northward to the teeming Tokyo/Yokohama conurbation. Between 1904 and 1911, electrification mainly due to the proliferation of intercity electrical railroads created economies of scale in the nascent industrial belt facing outward onto the Pacific. The consolidation of two grand hydroelectric power grids during the mid-twenties one servicing Tokyo/Yokohama, the otherwise Osaka and Kobe further solidified the comparative advantage of the Tokaido industrial belt in factory production. Finally, the siding and paving during the 1920s of roads t hat could handle buses and trucks was also pioneered by the great metropolises of the Tokaido, which further bolstered their relative advantage in per capita infrastructure.organisational economies of scale zaibatsuIn addition to geographic scale economies, organizational scale economies also became increasingly important in the late nineteenth centuries. The geological formation of the zaibatsu (financial cliques), which gradually evolved into diversified industrial combines tied in concert by central holding companies, is a case in point. By the 1910s these had evolved into passing diversified combines, binding together enterprises in banking and insurance, trading companies, mining concerns, textiles, fight and steel plants, and machinery manufactures. By channeling profits from older industries into new lines of activity like electrical machinery manufacturing, the zaibatsu form of organization generated scale economies in finance, batch and manufacturing, drastically red ucing information-gathering and transactions costs. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibatsu format economized on human resources.ElectrificationThe push into electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a revolutionary impact on manufacturing. Effective exploitation of steam power required the use of large central steam engines simultaneously driving a large number of machines power looms and mules in a spinning/weaving plant for instance throughout a factory. clarified enterprises did not mechanize in the steam era. But with electrification the unit drive system of mechanization spread. Each machine could be powered up independently of one another(prenominal). Mechanization spread rapidly to the smallest factory.Emergence of the Manichaean economyWith the drive into heavy industries chemicals, iron and steel, machinery the solicit for skilled labor that would flexibly respond to rapid changes in technique soared. Large fir ms in these industries began offering premium wages and guarantees of employment in good generation and bad as a way of motivating and holding onto important workers. A dualistic economy emerged during the 1910s. Small firms, light industry and agriculture offered relatively low wages. Large enterprises in the heavy industries offered much to a greater extent favorable remuneration, extending paternalistic benefits like company housing and company wellbeing programs to their internal labor markets. As a result a widening gulf opened up between the great metropolitan centers of the Tokaido and rural Japan. Income per head was far higher in the great industrial centers than in the hinterland.Clashing urban/rural and landlord/tenant interestsThe stinting strains of emergent dualism were amplified by the slowing down of technological progress in the agricultural sector, which had soundly reaped the benefits due to regional diffusion from the Southwest to the Northeast of best prac tice Tokugawa rice cultivation. Landlords around 45% of the cultivable rice paddy land in Japan was held in some form of tenancy at the beginning of the twentieth century who had played a crucial position in promoting the diffusion of traditional best practice techniques now broken interest in rural affairs and turned their attention to industrial activities. tenants also found their interests disregarded by the national authorities in Tokyo, who were increasingly focused on supplying cheap foodstuffs to the burgeoning industrial belt by promoting agricultural production within the empire that it was assembling through military victories. Japan secured Taiwan from China in 1895, and formally brought Korea under its imperial lodged rule in 1910 upon the heels of its successful war a take a leakst Russia in 1904-05. Tenant unions reacted to this callous disrespect of their needs through violence. Landlord/tenant disputes broke out in the early 1920s, and continued to plague Japan politically throughout the 1930s, calls for land reform and bureaucratic proposals for reform being rejected by a Diet (Japans legislature) politically dominated by landlords.Japans military expansionJapans thrust to imperial expansion was inflamed by the growing instability of the geopolitical and multinationalist trade regime of the later 1920s and early 1930s. The relative downslope of the United Kingdom as an economic power doomed a gold standard regime tied to the British pound. The United States was become a potential contender to the United Kingdom as the disciple of a gold standard regime but its long register of high tariffs and isolationism deterred it from taking over leadership in promoting global trade openness. Germany and the Soviet Union were increasingly becoming industrial and military giants on the Eurasian land mass committed to ideologies hostile to the liberal nation championed by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was against this internatio nal backdrop that Japan began aggressively staking out its claim to being the dominant military power in East Asia and the Pacific, thereby bringing it into conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom in the Asian and Pacific theaters after the adult male slipped into global warfare in 1939.Reform and Re mental synthesis in a raw International economical Order, Japan after World War II Postwar occupation economic and institutional restructuring Surrendering to the United States and its allies in 1945, Japans economy and infrastructure was revamped under the S.C.A.P (Supreme Commander of the assort Powers) Occupation lasting through 1951. As Nakamura (1995) points out, a classification of Occupation-sponsored reforms modify the institutional environment conditioning economic performance in Japan.The major zaibatsu were liquidated by the Holding Company Liquidation Commission set up under the Occupation (they were revamped as keiretsu corporate groups mainly tied toge ther through cross-shareholding of stock in the aftermath of the Occupation) land reform wiped out landlordism and gave a strong push to agricultural productivity through mechanization of rice cultivation and collective bargaining, largely illegal under the stop Preservation Act that was used to suppress union organizing during the interwar period, was given the sanction of constitutional legality. Finally, education was opened up, partly through making centre of attention school compulsory, partly through the creation of national universities in separately of Japans forty-six prefectures.Improvement in the social capability for economic growthIn short, from a domestic point of view, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology was improved with the reforms in education and the fillip to competition given by the dissolution of the zaibatsu. Resolving tenseness between rural and urban Japan through land reform and the establishment of a rice price support program that guaranteed farmers incomes equal to blue collar industrial workers also contributed to the social capacity to truckle foreign technology by suppressing the political divisions between metropolitan and hinterland Japan that plagued the nation during the interwar years.Japan and the postwar international orderThe revamped international economic order contributed to the social capability of importing and adapting foreign technology. The instability of the 1920s and 1930s was replaced with replaced with a relatively predictable bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet Union opposed each other in both geopolitical and ideological arenas. The United States became an architect of four-sided architecture designed to encourage trade through its sponsorship of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and lot (the predecessor to the World cover Organization). Under the logic of building military alliances to contain Eurasian Communism, the United States brought Japan under its nuclear umbrella with a bilateral security treaty. American companies were encouraged to license technology to Japanese companies in the new international environment. Japan redirected its trade outside from the areas that had been incorporated into the Japanese Empire before 1945, and towards the huge and expanding American market.Miracle reaping Soaring Domestic Investment and Export harvest-tide, 1953-1970 Its infrastructure revitalized through the Occupation period reforms, its capacity to import and export enhanced by the new international economic order, and its access to American technology bolstered through its security pact with the United States, Japan experienced the dramatic Miracle appendage between 1953 and the early 1970s whose sources have been cogently analyzed by Denison and Chung (1976). in particular striking in the Miracle Growth period was the remarkable increase in the rate of domestic fixed capital formation, the rise in the investment proportion being matched by a rising savings rate whose secular increase especially that of private household savings has been well documented and analyzed by Horioka (1991). While Japan continued to close the gap in income per capita between itself and the United States after the early 1970s, most scholars believe that large Japanese manufacturing enterprises had by and large become internationally competitive by the early 1970s. In this sense it can be said that Japan had completed its nine decade long crossing to international competitiveness through industrialization by the early 1970s.MITI on that point is little doubt that the social capacity to import and adapt foreign technology was vastly improved in the aftermath of the Pacific War. Creating social consensus with Land Reform and agricultural subsidies reduced political divisiveness, extending compulsory education and breaking up the zaibatsu had a positive impact. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (M.I.T.I.) that took responsibility for overseeing industrial policy is also viewed as facilitating Japans social capability. There is no doubt that M.I.T.I. drove down the cost of securing foreign technology. By intervening between Japanese firms and foreign companies, it acted as a single buyer of technology, playing off competing American and European enterprises in order to reduce the royalties Japanese concerns had to pay on technology licenses. By keeping domestic patent periods short, M.I.T.I. encouraged rapid diffusion of technology.And in some cases the experience of International Business Machines (I.B.M.), enjoying a virtual monopoly in global mainframe computer markets during the 1950s and early 1960s, is a classical case M.I.T.I. made it a condition of intro into the Japanese market (through the creation of a subsidiary Japan I.B.M. in the case of I.B.M.) that foreign companies share many of their te chnological secrets with potential Japanese competitors. How important industrial policy was for Miracle Growth remains controversial, however. The view of Johnson (1982), who hails industrial policy as a pillar of the Japanese increase State (government promoting economic growth through state policies) has been criticized and revised by subsequent scholars. The book by Uriu (1996) is a case in point. Internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory and quality control circles Furthering the internalization of labor markets the premium wages and long-term employment guarantees largely restricted to white collar workers were extended to blue collar workers with the legalization of unions and collective bargaining after 1945 also raised the social capability of adapting foreign technology.Internalizing labor created a extremely flexible labor force in post-1950 Japan. As a result, Japanese workers embraced many of the key ideas of Just-in-Time inventory control and Quality Control c ircles in assembly industries, learning how to do rapid machine setups as part and parcel of an effort to produce components just-in-time and without defect. Ironically, the concepts of just-in-time and quality control were originally developed in the United States, just-in-time methods being pioneered by supermarkets and quality control by efficiency experts like W. Edwards Deming. Yet it was in Japan that these concepts were relentlessly engage to revolutionize assembly line industries during the 1950s and 1960s.Ultimate causes of the Japanese economic miracleMiracle Growth was the completion of a protracted historical process involving enhancing human capital, massive accumulation of physical capital including infrastructure and private manufacturing capacity, the meaning and adaptation of foreign technology, and the creation of scale economies, which took decades and decades to true(a)ize. Dubbed a miracle, it is best seen as the reaping of a bountiful harvest whose seeds wer e painstakingly planted in the six decades between 1880 and 1938. In the course of the nine decades between the 1880s and 1970, Japan amassed and lost a sprawling empire, reorienting its trade and geopolitical stance through the twists and turns of history. While the ultimate sources of growth can be ferreted out through some form of statistical vizoring, the specific way these sources were marshaled in practice is inseparable from the history of Japan itself and of the global environment within which it has recognise its industrial destiny.Appendix Sources of Growth Accounting and Quantitative Aspects of Japans Modern Economic Development One of the attractions of studying Japans post-1880 economic development is the abundance of quantitative data documenting Japans growth. Estimates of Japanese income and output by sector, capital stock and labor force extend back to the 1880s, a period when Japanese income per capita was low. Consequently statistical probing of Japans long-run growth from relative poorness to abundance is possible.The remainder of this appendix is devoted to introducing the reader to the vast literature on quantitative compendium of Japans economic development from the 1880s until 1970, a nine decade period during which Japanese income per capita converged towards income per capita levels in Western Europe. As the reader will see, this discussion confirms the richness of factors discussed at the outset of this article. Our initial touchstone is the excellent sources of growth accounting analysis carried out by Denison and Chung (1976) on Japans growth between 1953 and 1971. Attributing growth in national income in growth of inputs, the factors of production capital and labor and growth in output per unit of the two inputs feature (total factor productivity) along the following lines G(Y) = a G(K) + 1-a G(L) + G (A)where G(Y) is the (annual) growth of national output, g(K) is the growth rate of capital services, G(L) is the growth rate of labor services, a is capitals share in national income (the share of income accruing to owners of capital), and G(A) is the growth of total factor productivity, is a standard approach used to close together(p) the sources of growth of income. Using a variant of this type of decomposition that takes into account improvements in the quality of capital and labor, estimates of scale economies and adjustments for structural change (shifting labor out of agriculture helps explain why total factor productivity grows), Denison and Chung (1976) generate a useful set of estimates for Japans Miracle Growth era.Operating with this sources of growth approach and proceeding under a variety of plausible assumptions, Denison and Chung (1976) estimate that of Japans average annual real national income growth of 8.77 % over 1953-71, input growth accounted for 3.95% (accounting for 45% of total growth) and growth in output per unit of input contributed 4.82% (accounting for 55% of total grow th). To be sure, the precise assumptions and techniques they use can be criticized. The precise numeric results they arrive at can be argued over. Still, their general point that Japans growth was the result of improvements in the quality of factor inputs wellness and education for workers, for instance and improvements in the way these inputs are utilized in production due to technological and organizational change, reallocation of resources from agriculture to non-agriculture, and scale economies, is defensible.Notes a Maddison (2000) provides estimates of real income that take into account the purchasing power of national currencies. b Ohkawa (1979) gives estimates for the N sector that is defined as manufacturing and mining (Ma) improver construction plus facilitating industry (transport, communications and utilities). It should be noted that the concept of an N sector is not standard in the field of economics. c The estimates of trade are obtained by adding merchandise imp orts to merchandise exports. Trade openness is estimated by taking the ratio of total (merchandise) trade to national output, the latter defined as earn Domestic Product (G.D.P.).The trade figures include trade with Japans empire (Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, etc.) the income figures for Japan exclude income generated in the empire. d The Human Development indication is a composite variable formed by adding together indices for educational attainment, for health (using life expectancy that is inversely related to the level of the baby mortality rate, the IMR), and for real per capita income. For a detailed discussion of this index see United Nations Development Programme (2000). e Electrical generation is measured in million kilowatts generated and supplied. For 1970, the figures on NHK subscribers are for television subscribers. The symbol n.a. = not available. Sources The figures in this table are taken from various pages and tables in Japan statistical Association (1987), Maddison (2000), Minami (1994), and Ohkawa (1979).Flowing from this table are a number of points that bear lessons of the Denison and Chung (1976) decomposition. One cluster of points bears upon the timing of Japans income per capita growth and the consanguinity of manufacturing expansion to income growth. Another highlights improvements in the quality of the labor input. Yet another points to the overriding importance of domestic investment in manufacturing and the lesser importation of trade demand. A fourth group suggests that infrastructure has been important to economic growth and industrial expansion in Japan, as exemplified by the figures on electricity generating capacity and the mass diffusion of communications in the form of radio and television broadcasting. Several parts of Table 1 point to industrialization, defined as an increase in the proportion of output (and labor force) attributable to manufacturing and mining, as the driving force in explaining Japans income per capita growth. Notable in venires A and B of the table is that the gap between Japanese and American income per capita closed most decisively during the 1910s, the 1930s, and the 1960s, precisely the periods when manufacturing expansion was the most vigorous.Equally noteworthy of the spurts of the 1910s, 1930s and the 1960s is the overriding importance of gross domestic fixed capital formation, that is investment, for growth in demand. By contrast, trade seems much less important to growth in demand during these critical decades, a point emphasized by both Minami (1994) and by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973). The notion that Japanese growth was export led during the nine decades between 1880 and 1970 when Japan caught up technologically with the leading Western nations is not defensible. Rather, domestic capital investment seems to be the driving force behind accumulate demand expansion. The periods of especially intense capital formation were also the periods when manufacturing production s oared. Capital formation in manufacturing, or in infrastructure reenforcement manufacturing expansion, is the main agent pushing long-run income per capita growth.Why? As Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) argue, spurts in manufacturing capital formation were associated with the import and adaptation of foreign technology, especially from the United States These investment spurts were also associated with shifts of labor force out of agriculture and into manufacturing, construction and facilitating sectors where labor productivity was far higher than it was in labor-intensive farming centered around labor-intensive rice cultivation. The logic of productivity gain due to more efficient allocation of labor resources is apparent from the right hand column of Panel A in Table 1. Finally, Panel C of Table 1 suggests that infrastructure investment that facilitated health and educational attainment (combined public and private expenditure on sanitation, schools and research laboratories), and pub lic/private investment in physical infrastructure including dams and hydroelectric power grids helped fuel the expansion of manufacturing by improving human capital and by reducing the costs of transportation, communications and energy supply faced by private factories.Mosk (2001) argues that investments in human-capital-enhancing (medicine, public health and education), financial (banking) and physical infrastructure (harbors, roads, power grids, railroads and communications) laid the groundwork for industrial expansions. Indeed, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology emphasized by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) can be largely explained by an infrastructure-driven growth hypothesis like that given by Mosk (2001). In sum, Denison and Chung (1976) argue that a combination of input factor improvement and growth in output per combined factor inputs account for Japans most rapid spurt of economic growth. Table 1 suggests that labor quality improved because healt h was enhanced and educational attainment increased that investment in manufacturing was important not only because it increased capital stock itself but also because it reduced dependence on agriculture and went hand in glove with improvements in knowledge and that the social capacity to absorb and adapt Western technology that fueled improvements in knowledge was associated with infrastructure investment.ReferencesDenison, Edward and William Chung. Economic Growth and Its Sources. In Asias Next teras How the Japanese Economy Works, redact by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, 63-151. Washington, DC Brookings Institution, 1976. Horioka, Charles Y. futurity Trends in Japans Savings Rate and the Implications Thereof for Japans External Imbalance.Japan and the World Economy 3 (1991) 307-330. Japan Statistical Association. historic Statistics of Japan Five Volumes. Tokyo Japan Statistical Association, 1987. Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle The Growth of Industrial Poli cy, 1925-1975. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1982. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. Paris Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. Minami, Ryoshin. Economic Development of Japan A Quantitative Study. Second edition. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire Macmillan Press, 1994. Mitchell, Brian. International Historical Statistics Africa and Asia. refreshed York New York University Press, 1982. Mosk, Carl. Japanese Industrial History Technology, Urbanization, and Economic Growth. Armonk, New York M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Nakamura, Takafusa. The Postwar Japanese Economy Its Development and Structure, 1937-1994. Tokyo University of Tokyo Press, 1995. Ohkawa, Kazushi. toil Structure. In Patterns of Japanese Economic Development A Quantitative Appraisal, edited by Kazushi Ohkawa and Miyohei Shinohara with Larry Meissner, 34-58. New Haven Yale UniversityPress, 1979. Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. Japanese Economic Growth Trend Acceleration i n the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1973. Smith, Thomas. Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920. Berkeley University of California Press, 1988. Uriu, Robert. Troubled Industries Confronting Economic Challenge in Japan. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1996. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report, 2000. New York Oxford University Press, 2000. Citation Mosk, Carl. Japan, Industrialization and Economic Growth. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 18, 2004. URL http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/mosk.japan.final

Compare and Contrast Two Short Stories From Different Time Periods Essay

But from the same genreIn this essay I will compargon the pre 20th vitamin C text The dark- peel offned toss (1843) by Edgar Allen Poe and the post 20th light speed text sines Event (1984) by Clive bow-wow some(prenominal) of which atomic number 18 horror stories.Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston, USA in 1809. He had a brother, heat content, and a sister, Rosaline. In December of 1812 the children were orphaned and the family was split up. Henry stayed in Balti to a greater extent(prenominal) with his grandp bents. Edgar and Rosaline Poe were taken in by wealthy Richmond families, Rosaline by the Mackenzies and Edgar by the Allans. In 1827 prior to enlisting in the army Edgar wrote his scratch line two poems known as To Margaret and To Octavia. By 1833 Edgar had begun to write stories and in 1835 he married his cousin, Virginia besides she died 12 years later. On 7 October 1849 at ab break 4.30pm Poe died. The actual ca function of death at the relatively issue age of 4 0 has never been confirmed. Poe was buried in his grandfathers solidifying in the Westminster burying ground.Throughout his life sentence Poe had been victimised and taken advantage of and I rally this may have got influenced some of his texts.Clive Barker was born near Penny Lane, Liverpool in 1952. After attending junior-grade school in that city, He entered Liverpool University to study English literature and philosophy. At the age of 21 he moved to London. There, he formed a theatre company to perform plays that he had written, and worked in that medium end-to-end his twenties as a writer, a director and an actor.About himself, Clive writes My passion as an artist is rooted not in any farewellicular(prenominal) medium, but in the act of imaging. My books, films, drawings and plays, thought they may seem to be very disparate in content, are still mapping out different parts of the same landscape that is to say, the world between my ears, I am motivated to write or paint by the images and scenes which rebel from my subconscious, without invitation, which seems on closer inspection to dramatize elements of my deeper self.Un same(p) Poe, Barker didnt have an unhappy childhood and had a adept university edu roamion and as he says above he uses thoughts form his subconscious to influence his palpate rather than as perhaps in Poes case, perhaps real life planets.Hells event is about a quicken between Heaven and Hell to see which will be in power for the next hundred years, the con mads for Heaven dont know about the importance of the race, they think it is sound another race. There are four contenders for Heaven, Nick Loyer, Joel J wizs, abrupt McCloud and Lester Kinder valet de chambre. The contender for Hell is Malcolm Voight although he is real three people, he is angiotensin converting enzyme of three familiars from wickedness, the idea being that they all run a unrivalled third of the race, Burgess is the familiars master and he appears quite a lot in the study as does hell itself. Joel Jones is one of the main faces in the reputation, as is Cameron, his coach. Joel is killed towards the end of the race and it looks like Voight is going to win. But however before the line he is taken over by Kinderman.The calamitous Cat is about a man who utilize to be an brute lover and had a large variety of pets including birds, goldfish, a dog, rabbits, a picayune monkey and a cat called Pluto. Over the years the man grew turned and irritable and swore and hit his wife, he neglected and ill-used his pets all but Pluto. But as the man got steadily worse he started mistreating Pluto. last the man hung Pluto from a tree and on that night his house burned down. The man survived and the morning after the fire came back to the finished house to find an image of a gigantic cat with a rope round its neck imprinted on the wall. One night the man was sat intoxicated in a pub and he see sat on a hogshead of gin a cat that looked just like Pluto apart from a splotch of white diligence part of its body. The man found that the creature had no owner and so took it home. The man soon started hating the cat as he had done with Pluto. in conclusion the man kills his wife whilst trying to kill the cat and is caught by the police.In my opinion in that respect are three main protagonists in Hells Event. Joel Jones is one of these three, Joel is a sympathetic character, and we are shown that he is a sympathetic or good character from the beginning of the narration, at the start of the race Joel is affright because he has had braggy dreams this immediately tells the ratifier that Joel is a sympathetic character. If Joel had been an incompatible character he would probably not be scared by a bad dream Joel is superstitious as he has a good luck charm, which also shows the reader that he is a good character. Later in the report Voight calls Joel a black bastard, which increases the readers zest of Joel a nd has the opposite effect on the character Voight. The Author makes us like Joel by making us feel sympathetic towards him in this way.another(prenominal) of the three characters is Cameron, Cameron is another Good character, he is Joels coach. It is not overt from the premier(prenominal) page that Cameron is a good character, on this page Cameron is ban because he cant get a signal on his radio, and so the reader is not sure whether Cameron is a nice character until the act page where he is comforting Joel but comforting him in his own sort of non-sympathetic way for event Cameron says They love you, God knows wherefore they love you.The third main character in Hells Event is Burgess, even before you know his phone you know that Burgess is an at least(prenominal) a cheating(a) if not deplorable character, the first thing he says in response to Cameron saying, What the hell is going on is Precisely that Mr Cameron hell is going on. This is quite a witty yet nasty thing t o say, also Burgess is violateing a goat skin surface which still has the hooves and horns hanging from it, this emphasizes the fact that Burgess is a bad and un-sympathetic character, a good character would be very unlikely to wear this sort of coat.Clive Barker has tried to make burgess more abominable by describing the coat in detail, he says He wore a coat apparently made of several goat-skins. The hooves and the horns still hung from it. The blood on its fur was brown and gummy. On page forty-five about halfway through the story Burgess admits that he works for hell. The very fact that he works for hell will tell the reader that he is an evil character. Although Burgess is an evil character some of the things Barker writes, which Burgess says are quite witty and funny.In The black cat there are also three main protagonists The two cats and the man who tells the story, which is told in first somebody whereas Hells Event is written in third person. You never actually learn of the mans phone, so for the purpose of this essay I will consult to him simply as The man. Also you never learn of the second cats name and so I will refer to him as The cat.The man who tells the story is a good character at the beginning, but as the story goes on he gets more ill tough and scarlet until at the end of the story he is a violent character. The story starts after it has ended, with the man who must be in prison, committal to writing about what has happened to him. It makes the reader feel sorry for him, he tells us that he is going to die tomorrow which makes us feel sorry for him. He also writes, My immediate purpose is to place before the world, plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a serial publication of mere household events. In their consequences, these events have terrified have hagridden have sunk me.Poe makes the words have more empathy by using repetition e.g., have terrified have tortured have destroyed me, the words getting more disastrous ev ery time. Then the story properly starts, with the man describing how he grew up loving animals and being tender of heart, he describes how he had lots of animals, which he loved this turns the reader to persuasion that the man is kind and wondering why he was about to be killed at the start of the story, which makes you want to read on. As the story goes on the man starts to get violent towards his pets and eventually kills them all, including Pluto his character gets more violent and Poe shows this by describing how the man feels at that point for voice he says The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer. My soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body.There isnt a great deal that I can write about the cats as they dont actually say anything, but Poe makes us feel sorry for them, and in turn makes us hate the man more by describing in graphic detail how they are mistreated. For instance he writes I took from my undershirt pocket a pen-knife, ope ned it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and measuredly cut one of its eyes from the socket. Barker also uses this technique in hells event as I have written above.The first carve up of Hells Event is written in the past tense, you can tell by the way dates are mentioned that this is so. E.g. Hell came up to the streets and squares of London that September, icy from the depths of the ordinal circle, it says that September which means, the September that has been. After that split up though the story goes into the present tense, as if the events were happening now, for example mike who is one of the race commentators says And what a day it is. As if it is happening today. The storyteller is an omniscient storyteller, for instance he knows that Joel feels sick in the pit of his stomach and that Cameron smelt a fix when he saw Voights double. Using an omniscient narrator has advantages because it enables the writer to explain how a character is feeling.In The swart Cat the te nses are written in the opposite way to hells event, the first paragraph is written in the present tense where the man is probably in jail and is writing the story of how he ended up in his present situation. You can tell because of how the first paragraph is written, for example, But tomorrow I die and today I would unburden my soul, by reading this a reader can work out that he is writing in the present. After this paragraph he starts reading the story he has written, which is in the past tense, and uses words like was and were which are in the past tense. These are used in sentences like Pluto this was the cats name and my pets of course were made to feel the change in my disposition. Because the man writes his story in first person he can tell the reader his thoughts, you could say he is an omniscient narrator, but then again he does not know the thoughts of the cats.There are quite a a couple of(prenominal) differences in The Black Cat and Hells event in terms of applied sci ence and change over the years, these includeHogsheads of gin, which are no longer usedServants, the only people who still have servants now are the passing wealthy and royalty.Gallows, These used to be used for putting people to death.Radios, non invented in the 1800sCars, Cars were not around in the early 1800s.There have been lots of changes in spelling and punctuation since The Black cat was written, for example the line I even offered her personal violence, which the man uses to record how he treats his wife would not be used today, today a more direct approach would be used for instance you faculty use I even hit her which is a lot more to the point.Some words have completely new meaning, nowadays a word like dress which is a garment usually faint by a woman, but in the 1800s it meant the clothes that a person was wearing. The choice of words, which authors use, has change since the 1800s. For example in the 1800s Poe used I suffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. Which means the man swore at his wife, but in Hells Event barker just simply uses the actual words, which express his characters feelings more, for example, Shit, utter Cameron as he was plunged into darkness.Shorter words are now used quite of longer more difficult ones like intoxicated which means drunk and felons cell, which means prison.There is no open speech in The Black Cat instead there is reported speech. In this story there are lots of things that would not be written today, e.g. Pluto this was the cats name was my popular pet. Would be written today as Pluto (this was the cats name) was my favourite pet.I preferred hells event to The Black Cat because there was a bit more detail which made it more horrific, like the part where Joel is killed, Joel felt the last of his strength falter his arm could keep the spill the beans at bay no longer. Despairing, he felt the teeth at his brow and at his chin, felt them pierce his flesh and his bone, felt, finally, the white night evade him, as the mouth bit off his face. Also The Black Cat is harder to read because a lot of words in it are no longer used. Both storys were good and I like the horror genre in general anyway so I enjoyed reading the storys.