Enternal and Parenteral Nutrition in the Critical Care Setting Essay

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in the Critical Care SettingManagement of patient feeding has long been a topic of controversy. Questing of timing, route of administration and composition of feeding solution constituents are several variables that share a lack of consensus.There is a 50% rate of malnutrition cited in hospitalized patients.Many states associated with critical care admissions have altered metabolic rates. Some examples of increased catabolism are multiple tarnish trauma, sepsis, organ failure (CHF, ARF, RF), and ventilator dependent status. It is important to assess for a history of such hyper- or altered metabolic states like Diabetes Melitus, Alcoholism, Renal Failure, and COPD.oer feeding is associated with immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, liver dysfunction and refeeding syndrome.EnteralNo associated immune suppression, no associated infection complications, easier to maintain electrolyte balance. ParenteralImmune suppression (the converse is too true- malnutr ition also causes immune suppression), fatty liver, potential for pneumothorax, line infections, loss of gut barrier, hyperosmolality, refeeding syndrome Feeding tubes great option, if the gut works, use it.Prealbumin (2-3 daytime t1/2)Transferrin (8-10 day t1/2)Albumin (14-20 day t1/2)Nitrogen balance studies can aid in the clinica...

Essay --

Of Mice and Men is based on the experiences of a migrant farmer, set in 1930s America. The characters ar also symbolized as realistic people, but influenced by the issues and circumstances based on the Wall Street crash, the American Dream and being set after WWI. I empathies for these characters for the consequences of these historical events are what to have made Of Mice and Men a tragedy in relation to loneliness. Each character had the idea of their consume American Dream, whether it was based on money, status, happiness, and so on. Yet unfortunately, only the reader realizes that they will never be fulfilled. George and Lennies dream of their own ranch conveyed to me as their own image of Heaven. The opening descriptions of Section One, such as the water was twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight quoted in chapter 1, convey to me on how Lennie and George travel on their journey to hopefully recreate these experiences as their ranch, for the sands were a few miles sou th of Soledad also stated in chapter 1, a demesne represented of loneliness and depression, which ...

Adolescents and Divorce Essay -- Teenagers Impact Divorce Essays

Adolescence is a period of turmoil and change for youngsters. During this time in their lives, adolescents experience many types of stresses. Some of these stresses acknowledge identity crisis, relationships with family members and friends, and the physical changes that take place. Adolescence is a very trying time and it can be heightened when divorce is an additional problem to be dealt with. Divorce moreover adds to the turmoil and hardships of adolescence. The effects of a divorce can leave an individual purporting lonely and at fault for the break up of their parents.Divorce is a family crisis, which could require a long period for recovery. Along with the turmoil associated with the adolescent stage of life, divorce adds other stresses. Adolescents are already confronted with numerous changes, including physical changes in the body and social adoptions, that the changes that occur as a result of a divorce could be overwhelming. They are also in the transition stage of s eparating themselves from their parents and exploitation into an adult. The adolescent is at the stage of development in which he must separate himself from his parents on order to establish as an adult?(Buchanan, p.70).Being socially accepted is one of the more important aspects of this developmental stage. The development of relationships with friends allows for them to form an identity. The adolescent only accepts his or her identity if, and only if, the society feels that it is correct. Otherwise, they may feel inadequate and isolated from everyone else because the do not fit in with everyone else?s standards(Buchanan,14)This developmental stage in ones life in conjunction with the effects of a divorce, make the changes much more difficult to overcome and accept. How an adolescent copes with the problems of a divorce depends upon their emotional health and maturity level,(Buchanan, p.71). Each individual may fight back in his or her own way. Some of these reactions can consist of hostility towards family, especially their parents, aggressiveness, and/or depression. They may make sudden choices that they might feel could be the answer to their problem. For instance, constant running away might occur which results in secluding oneself.The behavior of females at this crucial time seems to be more of a disturbance, composition the males showed to be more severe. The m... ...ary Ellin Logue. The Effects Of Parental Divorce On Students. Journal Of Divorce & Remarriage 46.3/4 (2007) 83-104. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.Dufour, Sarah, and Brian L. Mishara. Childrens Reactions to Divorce and Separation. partnership For Children. Partnership For Children, n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.Internet Sources ConsultedAntecol, Heather. Bedard, Kelly. Does Single Parenthood Increase the Probability OfTeenage Promiscuity, Substance Use, and Crime? Journal of Population Economics 20.1 (2007) 55-71. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. Crouse, Shaw Janice. SPECIA L TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES. No-Fault Divorce Hits Children Hardest. Washington Times, The (DC) (2013) 3. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 20 Apr. 2015. Fagan, Patrick F.Rector, Robert. The Effects Of Divorce On America. World & I 15.10 (2000) 56. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. Kelsey, Linda. Why divorce damages teenagers every bit as much as young children. Daily Mail 29 Apr. 2010 68. MainFile. Web. 15 Apr. 2015. Moses, Eskind Marlene. Helping Children anticipate Divorce. Tennessee Bar Journal 49.1 (2013) 34. MainFile. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.

The Scarlet Pimpernel :: Free Essay Writer

The Scarlet PimpernelIn 1792, during the French Revolution, a intention named the Scarlet Pimpernel saved many aristocrats from the French. Using daring plots and disguises he escaped from the French and his archenemy, Chauvlin. The richest man in England, Sir Percy Blakenley was married to the most beautiful cleaning woman in France, LadyMarguerite Blankenley. Sir Percy was an important character in The Scarlet Pimpernel. The story took orient in both England and France. It started in Paris, France at the scene of the guillotine. Some of the story took place at The Fishermans Rest in Dover, England. Otherparts of the story took place at Sir Percys house in Richmond, England, The Chat Gris in Calais, France, Lord Greenvilles Ball and The Covent Garden Theatre in England. The theme of the story was love and courage. It showed how much Sir Percy cared about and loved Marguerite. Marguerite once loved him, but now took him for granted and thought of him as a fop. It also limned how b rave Sir Percy, The Scarlet Pimpernel, was in risking his life for the lives of the aristocrats. The Scarlet Pimpernel and a small band of devoted followers had dedicated their lives and fortunes to saving the impartial aristocrats of the French Revolution and the horror of the guillotine. They risked their lives on numerous occasions and rescued many French noblesse bringing them to the safety and security of England. Sir Percy Blakenley, one of the wealthiest workforce in England, was married to Lady Marguerite St. Just who was thought to be themost beautiful and smartest woman in Europe. She was perceived asa traitor to the French cause for having betrayed the marquess de St. Cyr and his whole family to the bloody guillotine. This she was duped into doing because of her brother, Armond, who was almost killed by them for having dared to love the daughter of anaristocrat. Therefore Sir Percy showed no love toward Marguerite and acted the part of a fool. She thought Sir Percy to b e a vain,pompous dandy and could not conceive how she ever married him. Inspite of this she still had feelings of love for him. Sir Percy loved her deeply, though he also hated and detested her for what she did. He was emotionally torn between love and hate though he would have given or done anything for her, save revealing his true identity as The Scarlet Pimpernel.

Immigration - Why I want to Live in Britain :: Papers

To emigrate from ones origin has become very popular in the last ten, twenty years. Immigration also is non a very easy thing to do you have to have a lot of courage and the will to pursue it. If you are going to immigrate, I envisage that there is three important steps if you are going to immigrate namely Why, How and Dealing with it. There are many reasons why nation immigrate to another origin. A lot of people want to move closer to their relatives and a lot of parents who have children in other countries would immigrate because they do not want to grow old alone. The most of the valet de chambres young population immigrate to countries like Britain to study at their outstanding universities like Oxford which is renowned all everyplace the world. If you have completed your studies in a countyr like Britain, you will have an international degree which means that you can work any where in the world without having to do an exam again. I think tha t because you get an international degree it makes immigration even more popular under students. Middle aged people would mostly immigrate to develop their careers, for job experience and to find a place where they could practice their religion freely, without any violence or war. To move legally to another country is definitely not an easy thing to do as, the country to which you are moving to first has to approve of you coming to stay in their country. Countries want to protect job opportunities for their own people. Britain for example does not want to share their public funds with people who cannot contribute to the countries wealth. Britain also has a problem with asylum seekers because the country has to give them free medical etc. That is why to qualify for a work permit, you have to have very special qualifications. I think the most important thing if you immigrate is how you are going to deal with it.

War and Peace and Tolstoys View of History Essay -- Tolstoy War and P

War and Peace and Tolstoys View of History Count Lev Tolstoy wrote abundantly on the philosophical issues that he felt were universally important. One of the most prolific examples of this is his view of history. This is set out most clearly and most famously in his largest work, War and Peace. As Tolstoy claimed himself in a public statement on the work, War and Peace is what the author wanted and was able to express in that form in which it was expressed. Not sole(prenominal) do the themes and incidents in the novel reflect his theory of history, Tolstoy iterates this in less narrative terms in the twelve chapters of the Second Epilogue, described as, A general parole on the historians study of human life, and on the difficulty of defining the forces that move nations. The problem of freewill and necessity. The view of history explored by Tolstoy has had few sympathisers and copious critics. Tolstoy predicts this variety earlier in War and Peace in his description of the life of a bee A bee settling on a flower has stung a child. And the child is afraid of bees and declares that bees exist to sting people. A poet admires the bee sucking from the chalice of a flower, and says it exists to suck the fragrance of flowers. A beekeeper...The higher the human intellect rises in the discovery of these purposes, the more obvious it becomes that the ultimate purpose is beyond our comprehension. All that is accessible to man is the relation of life to the bee to other manifestations of life. And so it is with the purpose of historic characters and nations. This presupposition of the impossibility of a total, ultimate view of history helps to explain why Tolstoy, in his view of human actio... ...rriere, Tolstoys Pierre Bezukhov - A Psychoanalytical Study, Melksham Bristol Classical Press, 1993. Helen Edna Davis, Tolstoy and Nietzsche, impudently York Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1929. I Cannot be Silent - Writings on Politics, Art and Religion by Leo Tolstoy, Chippenham The Bristol Press, 1989. E. H. Carr, What is History?, St Ives Penguin Books, 1987. Pauline Marie Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, Princeton Princeton University Press, 1992. Notes 1 F.F. Seeley, Tolstoys ism of History, From, Ed. Malcolm Jones, New Essays on Tolstoy, Bristol Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 176. 2 Ibid., pp. 178 - 183. 3 Edward Wasiolek, War and Peace The Theoretical Chapters, From, Ed. Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Interpretations - War and Peace, New York, Chelsea House Publishers, 1988, pp. 92 - 97.

War and Peace and Tolstoys View of History Essay -- Tolstoy War and P

fight and Peace and Tolstoys View of History Count Lev Tolstoy wrote abundantly on the philosophical issues that he felt were universally important. One of the most prolific examples of this is his view of history. This is set out most clearly and most famously in his largest work, War and Peace. As Tolstoy claimed himself in a public statement on the work, War and Peace is what the author wanted and was able to express in that form in which it was expressed. non only do the themes and incidents in the novel reflect his theory of history, Tolstoy iterates this in less narrative terms in the twelve chapters of the Second Epilogue, described as, A oecumenical discussion on the historians study of human life, and on the difficulty of defining the forces that move nations. The problem of freewill and necessity. The view of history explored by Tolstoy has had few sympathisers and complete critics. Tolstoy predicts this disagreement earlier in War and Peace in his description of the life of a bee A bee settling on a flower has pie-eyed a child. And the child is afraid of bees and declares that bees exist to sting people. A poet admires the bee sucking from the chalice of a flower, and says it exists to suck the fragrance of flowers. A beekeeper...The higher the human apprehension rises in the discovery of these intends, the more obvious it becomes that the ultimate purpose is beyond our comprehension. All that is accessible to man is the relation of life to the bee to other manifestations of life. And so it is with the purpose of historical characters and nations. This presupposition of the impossibility of a total, ultimate view of history helps to explain why Tolstoy, in his view of human actio... ...rriere, Tolstoys Pierre Bezukhov - A Psychoanalytical Study, Melksham Bristol untarnished Press, 1993. Helen Edna Davis, Tolstoy and Nietzsche, New York Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1929. I Cannot be Silent - Writings on Politics, Art and Religion by Leo Tolstoy, Chippenham The Bristol Press, 1989. E. H. Carr, What is History?, St Ives Penguin Books, 1987. Pauline Marie Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, Princeton Princeton University Press, 1992. Notes 1 F.F. Seeley, Tolstoys Philosophy of History, From, Ed. Malcolm Jones, New Essays on Tolstoy, Bristol Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 176. 2 Ibid., pp. 178 - 183. 3 Edward Wasiolek, War and Peace The Theoretical Chapters, From, Ed. Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Interpretations - War and Peace, New York, Chelsea House Publishers, 1988, pp. 92 - 97.

Genetically Modified Foods Should Be Promoted Essay

Thank you members of the FDA for letting me speak today regarding the morality of genetically limited regimens. Different bioengineering, better know as genetically modified, methods have been prevalent in modern society for almost half a century. It has allowed scientists to transfer genes that would have never been able to interbreed in nature but with the help from scientists, coffin nail breed as naturally (Harvard Law). The technology that describes this is known as biotechnology. When somebody is asked what are they afraid of, a usual response might be, Im d polish offhly afraid of spiders or Im afraid of heights.I cant look get rid of the edge. The response that is never heard is the unknown and I believe that the unknown is something that many deal are afraid of. The unknown is simply a scary thing because it is impossible to tell the hereafter. People say that cell phones may cause cancer, but in reality, this will not be known for decades and people surely will not s top talking on them. GMFs scare people because they dont know what the future holds. The future holds an agricultural revolution that could never have been predicted and will open many doors that were thought to not have existed.The United States federal establishment should promote the sullying of genetically modified foods by the public that can be through with(p) by educating the public with the benefits of genetically modified foods In a poll done by ABC regarding the skepticism of genetically modified foods, 52% of people believed them to be dangerous and 13% were unsure active them (Poll). The public should not be so confused regarding the safety of the food that they eat on a daily basis. The majority of all cultivated food has been genetically modified in some way by the time of its production (Harvard Law).This means that the public eats genetically modified food every single day with break versed it. If the public was to be better informed about GM foods then they wou ld brave out them. The public really does not know so much about the technology surrounding bioengineered food. Biotechnology can be defined as the genetic manipulation of organisms for a common goal, in this case, food. Genetic engineers have successfully been able to introduce methods to be able to combine genes of species by selecting certain genetic material from each organism.This results in a new organism that lay offs traits of both preceding organism (Harvard Law). A solution to the unawareness of the United States public would be to advertise the benefits of genetically modified food. If the public were more educated on the topic of genetically modified foods they would support it because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The government needs to introduce a series of advertisements regarding GM foods. Every man and woman in this country has the ability to vote for who they want, say what they want, write what they want.Although not written in the constitution, al l people are also given the right to eat what they want. Whether cheap, expensive, healthy, or unhealthy, we are all given the choice to behave those decisions for ourselves. In a poll done by ABC news asking if people would be more inclined to buy genetically modified food, 57% said theyd be more likely to purchase untouched food (Poll). If the federal government were able to make the public more aware of the advantages of genetically modified foods people would be more inclined to buy them and support the industry. As of now, the public chooses non-GM foods over GM foods.They need to be introduced to the positive aspects of bioengineering. If the federal government wants to revolutionize the agricultural industry, consumers need to be in esteem of GM foods. If more than half of the consumers said theyd be less likely to purchase GM foods then how can food companies put GM foods on the shelves of super markets knowing that not enough will be sold? Little does the public know, but about 60-70% of processed foods do contain genetically modified ingredients (Web MD). The FDA states that there is no new safety concerns introduced into the food (Harvard Law).The FDAs purpose is to deem food safe or dangerous and whether or not the public should be eating it. The FDA constantly argues that there are no safety risks when eating GM Foods. The public needs to trust them on this topic just like they do with all other foods. As previously stated, most people are scared of the unknown, and in order to make this industry a well working one, consumers need to be in favor of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is safe. People are eating GM food at every meal and there have been no outbreaks of any diseases related to the introduction of GM food.Genetically modified food is the future. In developed countries, crop yield was increased by 6% and in undeveloped countries crop yield was increased by 29% (Wikipedia). A very well known example of a genetically m odified food is golden rice. It was introduced to the world as a solution to the intent of morbidity from lack of vitamin A, iodine, iron, and zinc. The lack of these fundamental dietary components is the root cause of disease worldwide. Golden rice offers a solution that contains these lacking components. Many things can be made possible in the future with an increase in support for genetically modified food.If scientists were able to create a gene that could be put into all cultivated crops that would allow them to grow throughout the winter, they could end world hunger. World hunger being solved would mean one of the effect impossible puzzles has been solved. The two things that most people would likely to fix in this world are world peace and an end to hunger worldwide.No this government cant solve world peace. Yes this government and others do produce enough food to feed the every human on this planet. However, if enough chintzily grown crops were produced throughout the who le year, governments will be more inclined to try to feed the world.With climate change being a really spare effect from global warming, it is nearly impossible to predict what Mother Nature holds in store for mankind. With the technology available, the United States government must issue out more patents for scientists to increase and continue the research surrounding GM foods to make them the food of this world. The government should and would only issue out more patents to scientists if the United States consumers would buy GM food and support the industry. This is the sole reason that this federal government needs to make aware the public, of the advantages from GM foods.

My Last Duchess Analysis Essay

The speaker can be seen as both a villain and lover of great art, only when which is his true identity? In My blend Duchess, the dukes deplorable wickedness makes the split between moral judgment and our actual pinch for him especially apparent. The effect created by the tension between beneficence and judgment is a striking characteristic of dramatic monologues. Throughout the rime, the Dukes poise and wonderful taste for art makes the reader take on a sympathetic attitude toward the Duke. When the Duke shows his power and desire to control, however, we begin to question the Dukes character and judge his motives.The way the reader perceives the Duke changes the readers perspective on the poem and situation of the Duke, yet Brownings reasoning for doing this is inconclusive. Upon first reading, the poem struck us as if we should have some sort of savvy for the Duke due to his truly genuine admiration towards his pieces of art, I call/That piece a wonder, now Fr Pandolfs hands/W orked busily a day, and in that location she stands (lines 2-4). We see how insanely egotistical the Duke is in lines 32-35, as if she ranked/My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name/With anybodys gift.Whod stoop to blame/This sort of lazy? , yet we cannot help but admire him. His flawless manner, impeccable taste, and admiration for the arts come together to astound both the envoy and us. The Duke describes the portrait in great detail and emphasizes the ease and intensity in which it was painted, depth and passion of its earnest glance (line 8). Only some unmatched who sincerely admires such great execute would be able to tell the nuances in stroke of the painting itself. As the poem progresses, we increasingly learn more about the Duke.We begin to understand the thoughts, feelings, and possible motives of the Duke which give the reader a sense of sympathy for him, Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt/,Wheneer I passed her but who passed without/Much the same smile? (lines 43-45). Th e more one gets to know a person, the more one relates to him or her this is exactly what happens in the poem. The Duke increasingly tells the reader about his disembodied spirit and situation, and the reader feels as if he or she understands him more and more. The Duke explains how he felt as if he was not special to the Duchess.He felt as if she saw him as any other man, She thanked men, cheeseparing but thanked/SomehowI know not how (line 31-32). As we come to the ending of the poem for the first time, the reader feels nothing but sympathy and reason for the Duke, but in the very last line, Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me we are struck by the spite hidden in his last statement. age on his way back to the party with the envoy, the Duke points out the statue of Neptune. This is just one of the many references the Duke makes that portrays his love for always being in control.After reminding the envoy of how his brisk bride shall be his own, Though his fair daught ers self, as I avowed/At starting, is my object. (line 52-53), the envoy tries to get away from the situation in which the Duke has coiffure him. But, rather than letting the envoy leave, for this would disrupt the Dukes power of control, the Duke insists that they return to the party together, Willt please you rise? Well meet/The company below, then. (Lines 47-48). temporary hookup on the way back to the party, the Duke points out the bronze statue of Neptune as his leaving remark.It is no coincidence that the last piece of art the Duke refers to is that of Neptune, God of the Seas, controlling a seahorse. As if the Duke had not already pushed his need to control onto the envoy, the Duke completes the poem by leaving the envoy with a last hint of what control the Duke thrives off of. The overwhelming sense of control that the Duke presents especially when he states, I gave commands Then all smiles stopped together (lines 45-46), causes the reader to suspend moral judgment upon the Duke. Having the Duchess as a painting instead of a person, appeases the Dukes desire to control.The Duke explains how he felt as if he did not have proper control over her when she was alive, but now that he has her in a painting, controlling her is easily done, This grew I gave commands/Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands/As if alive. (lines 45-47). She is trapped in the disgorge of the painting, underneath the curtain that only he can draw. When the Duke begins to describe how unpleased he was that the Duchess was, too soon made glad (line 22), we begin to question what really happened to the Duchess.The Duke even so indicates the relative subordination of the Duchess to himself throughout the poem, confirming his need to control, and if she let/Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set/Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse,/Een then would be some stooping and I choose/Never to stoop. (lines 39-43). We judge the Duke because we prefer to participate in his power-ridden manifestation that he exhibits to the envoy. The Duke even allows himself to assure that the new bride herself, not the dowry, is of course his object, Though his fair daughters self, as I avowed/At starting, is my object. (line 52-53).Here, one side of the Dukes nature is taken to its uttermost limit. The need to judge the Duke is taken into full consideration when we see how controlling yet put together the Duke seems to be. The reader is constantly torn between feeling sympathy for a true lover of the arts or judging a villain who killed his own wife. One can see how Browning leaves the poem with many ambiguous points, causing the reader to get word the meaning of a situation. Browning writes the poem in this way in order to make us relate to the Duke.Throughout the poem, the reader can see how the Duke values aspects of his life that he can control. The Duke continuously wants control over his women, art, and nearly everything else in his life. By leaving unc ertainty in the poem, Browning leaves us wanting to fill in the blanks, essentially controlling parts of the poem and even the outcome. The major mount in which Browning does this in the very beginning of the poem, Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall,/Looking as if she were alive. (lines 1-2).By simply including the word feel, Browning leaves the reader in question. Is she looking as if she were alive because she is no longer alive? And if so, what happened to her? Did someone kill her? Who killed her? Did the Duke kill her? Did he kill her because she neer saw him as anything better than they men she met every day? Or, is she looking as if she were alive because the painting is so amazing? Is he just admiring the world that Fr Pandolf portrayed in the portrait of the Duchess?These are just some questions that reader may imagine with the vagueness that Browning implements throughout the poem, leaving the reader to interpret the Dukes situation however they like. Brownings monologues plunge the reader into a world where every statement must be taken with a grain of salt. None of the Dukes statements are considered trustworthy therefore, we are continuously on guard, ready to protect ourselves and more importantly our moral sense. The Duke could even be considered somewhat of a liar.However, we do realize that the Duke often attempts to stretch the truth and use his words to alter his listeners perception of and attitude towards certain things, most notably the speaker himself. This style of writing allows for the speaker to have a certain amount of control over the language of the story as well as the world that the speaker presents in the story. Although this is true, there is always some disruptive force that can potentially torment the speakers purposes, ultimately transforming the life of the story.

Patient Teaching Essay

IntroductionI make believe chosen lactateing as my breeding topic for this assignment. The precise nodele will be the new m some other at amongst 2 and 7 twenty-four hour periods postpartum, newly discharged from hospital. As a community health nurse working with children and young families, I do initial postpartum visits at home. Breast victuals is a actually complex skill, natural, yet some clippings difficult to do. The client is often overwhelmed with information received in hospital, so sessions must be kept short, and make roaring to recognise. The atomic number 18a in which I work is multicultural. There is often a language barrier which further complicates teaching and subscribe toing. Finding a teachable moment is easy (London, p. 95). New mothers argon eager for religious service in providing the best for their babies. Mothers whose babies ref office to latch onto the summit or who crap an in go infra latch, may sometimes become rattling separate out an d stressed. It is central to remain calm and supportive during teaching.The client must be improve, non simply taught new skills (Rankin, p. 73). The newly acquired information will allow her to bring up her own decisions and to be the head of her own health c ar team.AssessmentI ready been working with postpartum women for the past 6 years, and engage 3 children of my own. I am able to intention my own personal experiences with boob run throughing, my last having stopped exactly 2 years ago. I work well with my co-workers, I know that I placenot do it al peerless (London, p.51). We champion each other every(prenominal) step of the expressive style and give birth a good venture-up system visible(prenominal) in the community. These take on lactation consultants, breastfeeding clinics, doctors, social workers and community agencies.The engageer and her family argon at the head of the team (London, p.47). They are usually very motivated to take aim and ultimately wan t what is best for the baby. It is easier to form relationships with the client at home (London, p. 63). The environment is non-threatening to the analyzeer and teacher. I cornerstone also learn a gage nearly the client by observing the home. I grow had m whatsoever clients tell me they were breastfeeding exclusively who had half empty bottles of formula on the kitchen counter.The assessment crop begins on the telephone before the visit. All new mothers are contacted when they arrive home. All are tossed a home visit, some refuse. By help of a detailed questionnaire, we know the problems to focus on before the visit. This is very reformative as we open fireister be better prepared with the necessary similarlyls. Many endurings are red flag patients (Rankin, p. 160). Some speak very little English, guide financial problems, are on welfare, or are single mothers.Culture and pietism can influence teaching (London, p.296). It is impossible to generalize about one culture, so we must be careful to dig deeper when presented with a situation which may be affected by ones background. The area I work in is multicultural. The women speak more languages and I often need to have a family member translate the teaching. This is sometimes quite challenging as I am not forever and a day sure that what is being translated is actually what I am sayingI try not to let my own beliefs guide in the way of my patient care. I may not always agree with the decisions of others but always stay focused on the desired outcome. Some clients would prefer to breastfeed and others would prefer to bottle feed but are being influenced by family members. Support from family members generally improves the outcome (Stalling, p.163). The client will have an easier time adjusting to breastfeeding and will breastfeed for a longer period of time with family support. We need to make adjustments in our teaching based on each individuals views. (London, p. 303). We should never make ass umptions about anything.Self-efficacy is a very important factor in learning to breastfeed. The learner who prizes she can do it, will be more successful. My department organizes a group that meets at the community center once a calendar week. New mothers have a chance to meet each other and learn about breastfeeding. Using these role-models sometimes helps a woman with low self-efficacy learn to breastfeed (London, p.311).When I walk into a home, I can often tell within the archetypical 10 minutes whether I will have to make a follow-up visit. At a typical visit I assess the baby and mother, help with breastfeeding if necessary and provide the mother with helpful information she will need in the first few months of the babys life. A typical visit lasts 1-2 hours. I usually provide scrapeed natural on the common breastfeeding problems to my clients. On the website WWW.Medela.com, there is very helpful information on breastfeeding in several languages. I use this site often to p rint out information on latching, sore nipples and engorgement. The information on the site is generally well written and edited. The vocabulary is easy enough to understand by virtually women. It is grammatically correct. There are no difficult or very technical terms.The subject in this paper is a mother of devil who did not breastfeed her first child. She speaks English and works as a clerk in a drugstore. She has a university degree, so can easily understand information at the 12th grade level.PlanningThe general goal of this teaching is for the client to be able to breastfeed in the proper way and to understand the benefits of breastfeeding in order to prolong breastfeeding for as long as possible. The following are the specific objectives for this clientle. At the end of the sessionThe client will state at least 5 benefits of breastfeeding vs bottle feeding. The client will demonstrate 3 several(predicate) breastfeeding positions one time each. The client will describe the treatments for engorgement and sore nipples. The client will list 3 resources for further information later the visit. The client will recognize and state 3 factors which denominate the baby is receiving sufficient take out from breastfeeding.Teaching tools used will be demonstration, discussion, and hand-outs. It is important to prioritize learning needs. There are some facts which are very interesting but which are not necessary for the client to know. (Rankin, p. 191 and 197). The breastfeeding mother does not need to know the physiology of the breast, but she does need to understand the relationship amongst frequent feedings and increased milk production.Content outlineDiscussion of the benefits of breastfeeding.Discussion of the factors indicating that the baby is receiving sufficient milk.Observation of the client breastfeeding using 3 different positions. conclusion of proper breastfeeding technique for each position as needed. Discussion of breast engorgement and sore nipples and their management. Discussion of resources for further information about breastfeeding and the assess the need for a follow-up visit. *The teaching is mostly done by discussion and demonstration. This is a good way to get continuous feedback from the client. It is also a good way to ensure that all the important textile is not forgotten. Practice makes perfect. Adult learners need to be involved in the teaching (Rankin, p. 196) and want to utilise what they learn right away. This is especially important with breastfeeding, as the new mother must be able to master it within a very short time.It is not always necessary to cover all the information with each client. Some are too overwhelmed with information already others may already have the experience base and simply need help with latching.ImplementationI generally start teaching about breastfeeding immediately after having evaluated the client. I begin by discussion of the benefits of breastfeeding and the factors whi ch indicate that the baby is receiving enough milk. Many women do not believe that they have enough milk and worry about the need to offer a supplement. It is important to explain this to them. If they do offer a supplement, their own milksupply may be reduced. Then, I assist the client at putting the baby to the breast using different positions as needed. I sometimes use a dummy breast to show the client the correct angle to use go feeding to ensure a proper latch. Visual aids sometimes help to make it seem more real. When that has been mastered, I continue with a discussion of the two most common problems found in the first weeks of breastfeeding, sore nipples and engorgement. I provide the client with written material on proper latching technique, sore nipple management and engorgement. Since these problems sometimes occur after a few days or weeks, it is helpful for the client to have this information in writing.I also provide an information sheet on the resources the client ca n use if she should need further help after the visit. I generally make a follow-up call one to three days after the visit and a follow-up visit as necessary. I sometimes refer the clients to the company Medelas website, www.medela.com. This site provides helpful information on breastfeeding and the common associated problems. The computer is only a tool, however. It provides information, not discipline (London, p. 246). I remain available to my clients by telephone or by email at all times.Recording transcribed (T=teacher, L=client)T Did you breastfeed with your first child?L No. I tried for about 3 days but gave up due to the pain.T Did you receive any help?L No. But it was less important to me then. I was ok with bottle feeding.T Do you want to breastfeed Joshua?L Yes. I will be taking a year off of work and would give care to breastfeed him as long as possible. Many of my friends have had babies in the past years and all are breastfeeding. They make it look so easy. I decided to try harder this time.T Joshua is 3 days old. How have you been feeding him?L I tried to put him at the breast right after birth but he was too sleepy, and so was I. The first day he had a few bottles. Yesterday, I tried for the first time. I think it went ok but my nipples are very sore. I would like to learn how to breastfeed properly.T Well, we can discuss a few things now and I can show you the proper technique for a few different positions when he wakes up.L OKT First of all, why do you want to breastfeed?L Everyone is telling me that it is the best thing for my baby.T They are right, but what do you think?L I want to do whats best for Joshua.T Breast milk is definitely the best for babies. bingle of the best things about breastfeeding is that the milk is always ready. You dont have any bottles to warm up or prepare, especially at 200 in the morning when youre exhausted. Because it is available right away, you dont have to make the baby wait. This will make it easier to calm him before he gets too agitated. It is also a great time to bond with the baby and will make Joshua feel more secure. Breast milk is the best thing for your baby. Do you know what colostrum is?L Yes. I have been reading up on breastfeeding since I found out I was pregnant again. It is the yellow liquid state that comes out before the milk comes in. I know that it helps to prevent jaundice.T Yes that is true. It acts as a mild laxative to encourage the baby to pass his first stools of meconium. It can also help to prevent ear infections and allergies. It is very rich in nutrients and allergies. Did Julia have jaundice?L No, she didnt.T Do you know of other benefits of breastfeeding?L I know that breast milk is the perfect formula for babies with the exact right nutrients that they need. It keeps babies from becoming overweight. I also know that it can help me lose the baby fat that much quicker.T Thats true. It can also save you money. The average cost of formula for 1year is about $1800, and that doesnt include the bottles and other supplies. Breastfeeding requires you to eat about an extra 500 calories per day. This should cost, by comparison about $300 for the year.L With all the expenses of a new baby, we can use that money for many other things.T Thats for sure.L Can breastfeeding keep me from getting pregnant again?T No. It is not a sure form of contraception. Although it is relatively effective in the first 6 months if you breastfeed exclusively. Some women ovulate as early as 6 weeks postpartum even when breastfeeding.L Good to know.T Do you know how to tell if the baby is receiving enough milk?L He will gain weight.T Yes. Thats a very good sign in the long run. There are other things as well. He should have at least 3 urines today since he is 3 days old. Then, you should see one more each day until the sixth day. That means that on the 4th day, he should have at least 4, on the 5th day at least 5 and from the 6th day onwards, at least 6 per day. How many has he had today.L So far he had 1 at 200 and another at 700. I dont think thats a problem.T Good. We would also expect to see a few stools everyday. They should gradually change from the black meconium stools, to brown and then to yellow. Many breastfed babies have a stool with every feed, but some have only 1 or 2 per day. Both are normal.L He has one almost every time he feeds.T Thats great. He should also be satisfied between feeds. That means he would feed every 1 to 3 hours in the first few weeks and have some period in between when he sleeps or remains calm. You told me that he feeds about every 2.5 hours and usually sleeps in between, so it sounds like he is right on target. A baby who is too sleepy and needs to be woken up for feedings may also not be getting enough. Do you have any questions so far?L No. Im cheery hes getting enough milk and cant wait to see if hes gained weight.T You mentioned that your nipples are very sore. fuddle you done anything for the pain?L I am taking Advil and I was given some Lanolin ointment at the hospital. Do I need to wash it off before I feed the baby?T No, it is harmless for the baby. The best way to avoid sore nipples is correct locating at the breast. If you have sore nipples already, I will show you how to have Joshua latch on properly. Meanwhile, for the soreness, you should apply a small amount of your own breast milk on the nipples after each feeding. Then let it air dry as much as possible. After that, you can apply a bit of lanolin. Sometimes it helps to use different feeding positions during the day.L The nurse at the hospital told me to let my breasts air dry, but that is not easy in the hospital. How often can I use the lanolin?T You can use it 2-3 times per day.L Ok. I will try that.T Your milk has not come it yet, but should come in in the next few days. It usually comes in by the 3rd to 5th day. It is important to feed regularly to encourage your milk production and also to prevent engorgement. Do you know what engorgement is?L Yes. I was very engorged about a week after Julia was born.T Engorgement can be very painful and can make it impossible for the baby to latch on properly.(baby wakes up. L gets the baby)L What should I do if I get engorged?T Engorgement usually lasts only a few days. Some women just produce more milk than others. If you get engorged, it is important to continue feeding often. You can apply warm compresses and massage your breasts. If it is more severe, you may need to express a bit of milk for relief, which you can do manually or you may need to use a pump. A well-fitted supportive bra may help.L I have bought a good bra, but havent worn it yet. I will send my husband out to buy a pump today. What kind do you recommend?T It depends on how often you would like to use it. If you are planning to breastfeed all the time, then a manual pump may be enough. There are however, some inexpensive electrical pumps which you can buy for under $40. These may be e asier and quicker to use. You can use them to remove engorgement and to pump if you go out from time to time.L My friend uses a Safety First pump which is electric. She bought it at Walmart for about $35 and says it works well.T Thats probably a good choice for you too. Do you have access to the internet?L YesT If you check out the site www.medela.com, you can find information about choosing a pump. If you pump to relieve engorgement, you should only pump for a few minutes. If you pump too much milk, you will only encourage more milk production.L Thank you, Ill check the site. Would you like to see how I feed him now?T Sure.(L puts baby to the breast using cross cradle positioning. The baby does not take enough of the areolaso L has pain.)T He is not on properly. To volcano the suction, place your finger gently between his gums, like this. In order to get him to latch on well, you first need to make sure that you are comfortable since you will be breastfeeding so often. Use pillow s to get yourself comfortable. Take your time and relax before you start. When you are ready, make sure the babys nose is facing the nipple. His head should be aligned with his body. Gently stroke his upper lip with your nipple. When he opens his mouth, pull him quickly towards you, so that he can take as much of the areola as possible.L How do I know if he is taking enough?T The most important cue is that you will have no pain. Generally the babys chin is touching the bottom of the breast, and there is a small space between his nose and your breast. Hold your baby close to you and support his head. There is no normal or standard way to breastfeed. If the baby is feeding well and you have no pain, it is working well.L I dont feel any pain now.T Can you hear him swallow?L Yes.T Excellent. Then you are doing it very well. Notice how his body is aligned with his head, he is most comfortable that way. Look at his chin and his nose. See how they are positioned. You can see that he has op ened his mouth very wide and is taking enough of the breast. Would you like me to show you how to hold him in some other positions?L Yes. I would like to learn how to lie down to feed. It would be so much easier at night.T Thats true. When youre very tired, its a lot easier. The basics are the same. You want to ensure that the baby is facing you and that his body is aligned with his head. Make yourself comfortable. Use a pillow behind your back or between your knees if you need one.(L Demonstrates the technique.)T That is very good. Are you comfortable?L Yes, very. And no painT Breastfeeding is not always as easy as some people make it seem. It takes practice. The beginning is a learning process for you and for the baby. Let me show you one more position that you may like to use. This is the football hold. It is easier to use when the baby is small like Joshua but is sometimes more difficult later on. Hold him so that his legs and body are under your arm, like this. Then place your hand under his head and neck. If youve ever played football, thats how a football is held.L I dont like that one. It is much easier the other way.T Not everybody likes that position. You have to do whats best for you and for your baby so use the position thats most comfortable.(Baby weighed lost 8.5% of birth weight)T He lost a bit more weight. But thats normal. Most breastfed babies lose 10% or more of their birth weight in the first few days. They usually regain their birth weight within 10 days. Do you remember how to tell if he is drinking enough?L Yes. He should have at least 6 wet diapers every day after the 6th day and a couple of stools. He should also wake up alone to feed and sleep well between feedings. And of course, he should gain weight.T Exactly.T I will be returning to weigh Joshua again Wednesday (in 48 hrs). I will continue to follow him until he starts to gain some weight. If you need help before then, you can call the CLSC (community clinic) at the number I gave you earlier. As I told you earlier, there is a breastfeeding clinic every Thursday morning as well. At the clinics, there are nurses available to weight the baby and to help you more with breastfeeding. Here is some information on breastfeeding that we discussed today (pamphlets on latching, sore nipples and engorgement given). If you have any questions about them, let me know.Evaluation of learnerI always do a telephone follow-up within 1-3 days. This is very effective as the client will have had some time to process all the information (London, p.62). If necessary, a repeat visit will also be planned. alas I cannot always have the client do three separate demonstrations (London, p. 386) due to budget and time constraints.Discussion worked best with the subject in this paper. She was educated and was eager to learn proper techniques. She had self-efficacy, skills and knowledge all important factors if changing behaviors (Rankin, p 292). She was alert and very interested in learn ing. She participated in the discussion. She was able to apply the information immediately during my visit.At the follow-up visit 2 days later, the client was doing very well. She was able to breastfeed without any pain or difficulty. We discussed engorgement again, a problem which had developed since my first visit. She explained what she had done to relieve the engorgement, which was how I had explained it to her. The what if scenario had worked .(London p.386)Evaluation of teacherI could have done more assessment of the learner while I was teaching. I find myself being drawn into a routine with my teaching that is sometimes hard to get out of. Most of the teaching is very repetitive from one client to the next, however, each client learns in her own fashion. I try to keep the client interested in what I have to say. I encourage her and give her positive feedback. Sometimes I forget the goals of the session and get off track, or provide the client with unnecessary information. I f ind that using a checklist helps me to stay on the right track and to not omit anything important.Evaluation of resourcesThe handouts I usually give out to my clients on latching, engorgement and sore nipples, all score over 70% by the SAM test (Rankin, p.238), thus making them good resources. I provide this information to my clients to use as the situations arise. Although I explain the handouts to all my clients, not all women get engorged for those that do, it usually happens after my visit. Having the handouts at home allows them to refer to the information as a reference when they need it most.ConclusionThe teaching session went very well. The client was intelligent, educated and eager to learn. Overall this teaching technique used for teaching breastfeeding works well with most of the clientle I see at home. Every person is unique and adjustments always need to be made accordingly.BibliographyForrest, S. (2004). Learning and teaching The reciprocal link. The Journal of Continu ing Education in Nursing, 35(2), 74-79.London, F. (1999). No time to teach? A nurses guide to patient and family education. New York Lippincott.Medela (2007) Your Resource for breastfeeding products and information. on-line. Available http//www.medela.com.Rankin, S.H., Stallings, K.D., & London, F. (2005). Patient education in health and illness (5th ed.). New York Lippincott.

Jane Eyre: Feminism

Feminism Jane Eyre Unveiled Brittney Christensen English 153 Shona Harrison November 15th, 2012 Feminism The advocacy of wo custodys rights on the grounds of political, well-disposed and economic equality to men, statuses and classes. The novel Jane Eyre greatly depicts many forms of feminism throughout, and is an eye opener as to how much time have changed and in a adept stayed the same since the nice Era. The thought of being exposed to much(prenominal) standards and conditions at such a young age onward outlines the realest forms of commitment to independence and dignity.Jane is a victim of feminism in the instance that she is subjected to the power of men and also plays the role of a feminist role model shown by multiple examples throughout the novel, whether referring to relationships or to personal attri thoes. The comparing and contrasting between the other characters and characteristics of the novel also unveil forms of feminism and feministic senses. The word feminis t or feminism is a very obscured word, with many different plosive speech sounds of views considering their meanings. In the terms of feminist, a doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men. And reference to Jane Eyre, Jane only try fors for equality between men and women, herself in particular, obviously due to the specific situations and circumstances she is exposed to. Jane proposed her acts upon facing womens rights and equality by enforcing her words and good deeds, proving her lack of ignorance and retaliation. Jane represents a feminist in the Victorian Era, and mainly targeted at younger readers, preferably female considering the context, with the purpose to help the young females learn about maturity, growing up in the world, and the possible variety of obstacles that they may be faced with.With that said, Janes actions and words throughout the novel decipher her life and her experiences are what built her courage and vividn ess as a woman. Jane Eyre is proof that love and affection are two things that cannot be bought and that that her courageousness will not be underestimated. Rochester tries to persuade Jane into falling for him by offering her luxurious st 1s and lavish pieces of clothing. Glad was I to get him out of the silk warehouse, and then out of a jewelers shop the more he bought me, the more my cheek burned with a sense of annoyance and degradation. (Bronte, Page 229).Jane is getting the relishing of aggravation towards Rochesters offerings in a sense that she does not need nor want such things and refuses to be receive exposed to the world of the materialistic lifestyle. Her hesitation towards marriage is also expressed in her statement, providing evidence that she does not feel the need to go to these extremes and expenses when it comes to marriage. Marriage the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife in a consensual and contractual relationship recogniz ed by law. Nowhere does it state that the experience as a whole has to be lavish, proving Janes point of view.Jane, as a feminist believes that everything and everyone can be beautiful without the extent of needing a man and the accommodations and luxuries one has to offer. Jane, being exposed to independence at such a young age gave her the leverage and confidence she needed to stand up for herself and express her view of womens equality through her eyes. She comes to the consensus about her value and duties of herself as an individual when states, I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will keep the law given by God sanctioned by man.I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad as I am presently. (Bronte, page 270). This denotation depicts and unveils Janes powerful feelings towards how she sees herself and what her morals are versus what they should be. Jane believes to be mad, which refer s to the fact that it is somewhat insane that she can love Rochester when he is married to Bertha Mason, someone whole opposite to Jane. Because of Rochesters argument for her to be with him, Janes statement also shows that her realization that Rochester has strong feelings towards her regardless of his current relationship status with Bertha Mason.Jane fears that if she is to lose anything chief(prenominal) in her life then that will result in losing Rochester, despite the aspect of negotiating her own feelings. Jane refrains from going with Rochester after this confrontation You will not come? You will not be my comforter, my rescuer? My deep love, my wild woe, my frantic prayer, are all nothing to you? What unutterable pathos was in his voice How badly it was to reiterate firmly, I am going. Jane realizes Rochesters true love for her, merely also realizes that they are not meant to be, or so she thinks.In this instance, Jane is allowting feelings between herself and so me other man jeopardize her life, which goes against her beliefs as well as a woman, although her rejection provides proof that she loves herself more, therefore showing her independence and pride in being a female. I am no bird and no net ensnares me I am a free human being with an independent will which I now exert to leave you. (Bronte, Page 216). Jane represents many things throughout the novel, mainly her strong feminist side is most relevant until closer to the end part of the novel, where she seems to let love get the best of her.Jane has found herself to fall deeply for Rochester despite her beliefs, she has resisted and now sees him for his true self, money out. With that said, Jane herself, had not a clue that she would soon be facing some inheritance, My uncle I had heard was dead my only relative ever since being made aware of his existence I had cherished the hope of one day seeing him now, I never should. And then this money came only to me not to a rejoicing famil y, and me but to my isolated self. It was a voluptuous boon doubtless and independence would be glorious yes, I felt that that thought swelled my heart. Jane inherited twenty thousand pounds and now felt as though her and Rochester were socially and economically equal, putting her at ease in a sense referring to her standards. Although Janes decision may come across somewhat hypocritical, she still stays true to herself and her feminist ways when she stands up to St. John, the clergyman that provides Jane with a place to stay. St. John is also in love with Jane and wants to be with her, but she does not feel the same way, You have hitherto been my adopted brother I, your adopted sister let us continue as such you and I had better not marry. (Bronte 345) Jane is trying to be nice about breaking the news to St. John to show her caring side as a woman, but St. John did not agree with this confrontation, I must seek another interest in life to replace the one lost is not the furrow he now offers me truly the most glorious man can adopt or God assign? It is not, by its noble cares and sublime results, the one best calculated to fill the void left by uptorn affections and demolished hopes? (Bronte 344) This is one of St. Johns methods as to keeping Jane in his life, by delivery god into the equation, by insinuating that God does not agree with her and that St.John should have her for himself, which Jane actually does not agree with, being as she believes in religion separately aside from her feminism beliefs. In a sense St. Johns statement about God made Jane think about how married life really will be and the possibility of her lack of enjoyment due to the fact that a label may disrupt the actual love. Despite St. Johns feelings, Jane knows where he heart is and stays true to her own feelings, showing her independence as a female. In terms of womens and mens rights, views on the issue can arise in a variety of opinions due to the difference in peoples views .The two main men characters in the novel, Rochester and St. John really enhanced Janes inner feminist by each pulling out specific traits in her that portrayed what she really believed in and what it takes to alter them traits such as independence and personal strength as a woman, providing a learning experience from experiences. Jane grows to be able to form her own opinions and stand up for what is right in her eyes while still staying true to her beliefs as a feminist. Jane Eyre not only sets goals for herself, but also for other females, being such a great role model proven through her life choices and acts of strength. If I told anything, my tale would be such as must necessarily urinate a profound impression on the mind of my hearer and that mind, yet from its sufferings too prone to gloom, needed not to deeper shade of the supernatural. I kept these things, then, and pondered them in my heart. (Bronte 381) This really summarizes Janes journey from a girl to a woman, and is an inspiring and knowledgeable story. Work Cited Bronte, Charlotee. Jane Eyre. New York W. W . Norton & Company, Inc. 2001. Eagleton, Terry. Jane Eyres Power Struggles. Myths of Power A Marxist Study of Bronte.Totawa, NJ Barnes and Noble Bookes, 1975. Rpt. In Bronte 491-496. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Feminism. Collins English Dictionary. 2009. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd 1979, 1986. Web. 14 Nov 2012. Roberts, M. J. D. Feminism and the State in Later Victorian England. The Historical Journal, Cambridge University Press. MLA Online Book. Vol. 28, No 1. pp. 85-110. Mar. 1995. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. Garton, Stephen. The Scales of Suffering Love, Death and Victorian Masculinity. , Taylor & Francis Ltd. MLA Online Article. Vol. 27, No. 1. (Jan. 2002), pp. 40-58. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

Administrative theory and practice management

As Dougherty (2008) reports, whites result make up less than half of the U.S. population by 2042, sooner than expected. Therefore, organizations will have to adjust to the new situation. commercialise globalization reinforces the importance of intercultural communication, since majority of big corporations employ people from a variety of backgrounds.For this reason, curbment of diversity is one of the most important gentle resources tasks. magician and impressive diversity management reduces the probability of conflict in organizations and increases the organizations efficiency, productivity, and employee satisfaction.Managing diversity is a notion that refers to a planned, systematic and comprehensive managerial process for developing an organizational environment in which all employees, with their similarities and differences, can contribute to the strategic and competitive advantage of the organization, and where no-one is excluded on the basis of factors unrelated to empl oyment (Performance Associates, 2004, Managing Diversity A Definition, para. 1).Development of healthy, tolerant and productive organizational gloss is only possible under the conditions of visionary intercultural management When there is weak leaders and management of diversity within an organization, a variety of problems and issues can arise (Sonnenschein, 1999, p.25).As a leader of my company, I have to pay owing(p)er attention to determine shared by people from different backgrounds. Not only does everyday life differ across the globe, but also leadership style and workplace ethics vary from country to country. I should acknowledge the impact of diverse workforce on market and realize the fact that successful companies should go to great length to avoid multicultural business clashes.In the coeval workplace, failure of an organization can be in many cases attribute to ineffective management of diversity. A successful manager is characterized by tolerance and cultural sensi tivity.As concerns practical measures aimed at utilizing the potential of a diverse workforce, there is a number of ways to manage diversity in the workplace. First of all, the process starts with recruitment. Underutilized minorities, women, and disabled citizens often possess unique skills crucial to a companys success.It is important to make the military control look attractive to the abovementioned groups and encourage them to come to an interview. It is also necessary to ensure that interviewees are not stereotyped on the basis of sex, race, paganity, skin color, age, disability, or internal orientation. Finally, it is a must to make all the appropriate arrangement for disabled employees starting with the day of interview.However, managing diversity is different from affirmative action. Many companies construe the concept of managing diversity as color blind (and sex, disability etc. blind) judgment of applicants based on their qualifications. It means that being different w ould not harm somebodys chances of recruitment but will give him or her no unfair advantage over the rest of the applicants.Secondly, developing intercultural skills among managers and employees is of paramount importance. In a multinational environment, employees are likely to have different experiences and sums of knowledge. Problems mightiness include misunderstanding of basic terms of cooperation and prejudices against other team members. To avoid them, management should piss a clear framework for cooperation and enforce ethical standards.Intercultural awareness and competence among managers and employees can be achieved through specific training programs. Managers can understand the culture of their employees better by gaining insights into its origins, including history, religion, and politics.Knowledge of the issues of race, ethnicity, and religion are invaluable for effective leaders. The most effective way to comprehend a different culture is to compare and occupation it with ones own your cultural identity. People with a deep understanding of their cultural self are likely to possess strong intercultural skills.Teambuilding and enhance communication are the first steps towards the effective use of cultural diversity for competitive advantage. Teambuilding activities can improve socialization and counter negative perceptions employees might have about their colleagues, especially those from a different background.Finally, there should be certain institutional adjustments made for effective management of diversity. Many companies have spate up special position of Equity Officer responsible for monitoring workplace situation employees can also report cases of discrimination to this person. If discrimination cannot be stopped by conventional dispute resolution methods, Equity Officer is mandated to take appropriate legal action.It is of paramount importance to communicate to employees that any impingement of equity or workplace ethics will be immedi ately and severely punished.If a company succeeds in building an inclusive work environment, it will be able to attract and retain a talented workforce, reflecting the growing diversity of worldwide business community, and encourage creative thinking and cooperation. In such an environment, mutual respect is the key principle, and every employees contribution is valued.Diversity management can be an effective way to tackle many problems facing many contemporary organizations, including high stress levels among employees, low job satisfaction, absenteeism, and high turnover.People centered organizations strive in an atmosphere of mutual respect and understanding. Given the fact that the half of American population will be nonwhite in several decades, my company should adopt a corporate culture where no superiority or domination of a certain ethnic group is tolerated.The change process might be complicated, since all employees are Caucasian and have tenure with the company. The inclu sion of employees from other ethnic groups should be gradual this process should be constantly overseen by the manager.New hires might feel uncomfortable in the all-white environment, therefore they should be given support and tending from the management at the initial stage of their employment. Yet it is also of paramount importance not to make other employees perceive this support and assistant as discriminatory against them.While the transition might be complicated, I can build on such assets of my company as strong corporate culture and effective communication between the management and employees.Therefore, diversity should be regarded as a strategic resource for successful organizations. Managing diversity is one of the most crucial human resources tasks in the contemporary workplace, given the changing demographical landscape of America and worldwide globalization.ReferencesDougherty, C. (2008). Nonwhites to be Majority in US by 2042. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved shock ing 30, 2008, from http//online.wsj.com/article/SB121867492705539109.htmlPerformance Associates. (2004). Managing Diversity. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http//www.performanceassociates.co.nz/diversity.htmlSonnenschein, W. (1999). The Diversity Toolkit How You Can Build and Benefit from a Diverse Workforce. New York McGraw-Hill.

Football and Soccer Compare and Contrast

Football and Soccer Compare and Contrast. Football and soccer leave never been rattling compared before, probably because alot of people think they dont have many similarities. But they actually have alot more in common that people think they do. Having played twain sports myself i can tell you that they are rattling different in varius ways, tho also very a desire. It depends in what aspects you look at it that you can estimate differences or similarites. Off field soccer and football share different backgrounds. On field comparisons are never talked about but they actually have somre similarities.Yes football is more of a contact sport, and soccer more of a technique sport. But football does have technique as well, and soccer contact. On the field, both teams rely on team play to move up the field and try to score on the opposing team. Both sports have a total of 22 players on the field, 11 on each team, and passing the ball to teamates is key. In both sports the offensive pl ayers take most of the glory and the spotlight, but its roll in the hay that without a good defense, its hard to win. You can score all the points you want but if they score more points on you then your still losing. scoring is very different though. On football each time you score is called a touchdown and its given 6 points plus and extra point to try to trifle it 7. Soccer scoring its only 1 point and its not called touchdown but its called gol. The game of football has alot more breaks during it, and it has 4 quarters. During each play you have scurvy breaks, plus alot of timeouts and tv comercial breaks. Soccer is a non-stop sport with only 2 halfs and no breaks during each half, just the 30 minute halftime break.One of the main differences on both these sports in my mind is that football is only a sport played in the coupled States, while soccer is a worldwide know sport. Soccer means alot in many countries all over the world, and thithers tournaments that bring every team s all over the world together. Footballs major raset is held here in the United States and it only it involves the one country. United States has soccer, but its one of their least successful sports economacly and physically. It has faild to reach the fan base they wanted, and the MLS (soccer league) was close to be being exclude own due to lack of fans and lack of income. Soccer is like a religion in many countries all over the world and it means everything to its fans. Where im from, Argentina, soccer is bigger than anything. Alot of people take soccer even more serious than their jobs. Sometimes a little to serious. There has been a lot of soccer cerebrate accidents in Argentina and many other parts of the world. Many of the accidents occur during games in the stands. Soccer rivalries are very big in Argentina. Sometimes they seperate towns. simply like gangs here in United States, soccer fans fight for respect and hate towards the other team, a lot of times ending in deaths. different incidents occur off the field. A good example to show how serious fans take the game, is the incident that occur after a World Cup, when a Colombian player scored an own goal during an important game, and he was assasinated a few days later. Things like that usually never happen here in the United States. Not to say that fans are no passionate about football, but its a different type of passion.The United States understands how important soccer is worldwide, and they have act to make soccer bigger here in the United Sates, but have failed several times. They have tried to publish soccer more by advertising and by trying to bring famous players all over the world to play here in the United States. Living here in the US, i saw that football was the major sport here. But there are alot of competing sports like basketball and baseball, and there is also college sports, which are also very big here.In Argentina, there are of course many other sports, but none come close to so ccer. As a little kid, i never knew of any other sport than soccer. Every little kid growing up wants to be a soccer player when their older. And that dosnt sound like a problem, but in my opinion it is. Alot of kids growing up have inhalation jobs. Some are sports realted some are not. A lot of kids dream of being doctors, lawyers, firemans and of course start athleets. But in Argentina, most of the kids wanna be the only thing they knew growing up, a soccer player.And with most of those kids not stretchability that dream, it leaves a lot of confused kids. So like most people think, there are many differences overall between football and soccer. But there are more similarities than people think there are. Maybe in the future wih the growth of soccer in the United States, we will have even more things in common. And maybe the passion for soccer here in US will one day be as big as it is in the rest of the world, but hopefullt without all the violence.

Impression Management as a Goal Directed Activity

mold ManagementAssignment question belief Management as a goal contracted activity not only restores the boundaries of what is considered appropriate behaviour but in any case aids in defining what behaviour will be met with disapproval. (Goffman 1989) Discuss this statement in the context of a practical victor setting. fit in to Andersen, M. L. , & Taylor, H. L. (2006) tactual sensation circumspection is defined as good oriented informed or unconsciousprocess in which plurality attempt to influence the learnings of opposite(a) people about a person, intention or event, they do so by regulating and confineling information in social interaction. According to Sinha (2009), Impression worry is an active self-presentation of a person aiming to enhance his image in the eyes of others (p. 104). A symbolic interaction noting that whimsy direction is the process of authentic self-presentation used when an soul wants to present himself to other people the same way he perc eives himselfa tactical brand used by individuals. A variation of this facet by Brym and Lie, (2006, p. 44) depicts natural depression perplexity as a situation whereby people on purpose change or modify their behaviour to fit a given situationthe process whereby people seek to control the image that others have of them. The higher(prenominal) up scholarly views seek to consolidate Goffmans (1989) view that Impression Management as a goal directed activity not only sets the boundaries of what is considered appropriate behaviour but withal aids in defining what behaviour will be met with disapproval. In assessing the concept of gist wariness it is pivotal to isolate the impetus behindthisconcept.All the above definitions provide a direct inference that this concept involves creating an impressionable illusion which is highly fragile and requires invariant attention in methodicalness to ensure its harborability. Keeping in mind that it is a goal oriented model, impressio n management is a fundamental and universal process that involves a number of influential factors. These factors atomic number 18 social, cultural and spiritual. Considering that this model is set in a professionalenvironment, it is essential to administer an appropriate outlook into impression management in professional localities.Newman, (2009, p. 173) states that Impression management allows the production of manufactured figure of speechs, which aid in the socialization process. The use of impression management provides people with the necessary skills to compel a custom and often falsified perception. , this may be well conform to to the professional environment and its various facets such as hypothesise interviews, officerelations mingled with employees and management, firms and both clients and potential clients, firms and other firms as well with the ultimate goal being to create a virtuous professional atmosphere.It is overriding to note that the microcosm represen ts the macrocosm, in relation to impression management it is hence necessary to carry out a thorough analysis of individualistic measures of impression management before relating this to an entire professional setting. According to Andersen and Taylor (2006), Impression management kindle be seen as a type of con game (p. 04), relating to the basic scenario of a job interview when a person engages in impression management, they are attempting to manipulate the impression they examine onto others, with the goal being to ultimately acquire a job and will do so by dint of the avocation bureau of impression management Good eye contact in order to frame an aura of confidence and honesty critical to the pedigree sector An appropriate physical appearance, aclean, professional persona Chronematic management, being prompt is tantamount to a gesture of a focused individual Kinesis should be wistful of confidence and a potentially aggressive stature appropriately suited to the aggressiv e nature of the business world In essence, the above seeks to highlight the paramount idea that the person being perceived manages the perception of the perceiver hoping to have a positive impact which in this case is delivering a sublime job interview with prospects of acquiring a particular job arrange. This approach helps a person carefully deal relationships and by extension they have the ability to alter their position in the socialization process done impression management, especially if now expanding the concept impression management into the actual working environment in an analysis of relationships between an individual whether as a subordinate or a manager.When in the position of relative originator such as management, active impression management is supreme, an individual is under the constant debilitating gaze of oftentimes opportunistic employees or subordinates on the prowl for error. Hence individuals in management should leave no room for error in their impressio n management A persons relative position in society can also influence impression management (Newman, 2009, p. 172). A persons posit ion in society and the prestige of impression management are congruent. Managers should achievement extreme decorum, bepunctual, have astute command of a professional ethic of honesty and transparency and above all a professional outlook on their physical presentation. Illustration of how people attempt to control how others perceive them is portrayed through the clothing they wear.A person who is in a leadership position strives to be respected and in order to control and maintain the impression the person wears a nice suit, carries a briefcase, and acts in a professional manner. The professional clothing and the dignified manner in which the person carries him or herself, plays a large role in the impression management process. The goal behind such a constrictive and extremely rule bound outlook of impression management is so as to create an impress ion to the subordinates, however not one of fear but of a respectable individual employees are willing to be loyal and ultimately submissive to without any urge of dissent hence having a positive influence on a firms productivity and profits due to Herzbergs motivational factors being fulfilled by management.Another relationship worth analysis is that of impression management between work colleagues, an individual should establish a solid impression amongst colleagues and management, Newman (2009) expands on this notion, Impression management is a tool most of us use to present ourselves as likable people (p. 183). with the impetus being that of creating a virtuous working environment free of tension which makes work more enjoyable for an individual. in the long run the central lynchpin being that of managing an approachable, responsible, amicable, gossip- free impression of oneself. This is advantageous in climbing the corporate tend for situations whereby an individual is consid ered for a job promotion from being a lower grade employee to a higher grade, on basis of a character evaluation and impressions regarding that particular individual.If a general view is that of a rude, irresponsible, tension enabling individual, then this view would be to the detriment of an individual as such a negative inclination is almost impossible to remove. Most alert towards maintaining the survival of a business is a solid relationship established between the client and the business through its management and entire workforce, this also affects the resultant impression cast upon potential clients who may be considering working with a particular business, Ferrante (2008) expands on this concept in her book, Sociology a Global Perspective, Even if people are aware that they are manipulating reality, impression management can be a constructive feature of social interaction (p. 131). People across the globe implement this concept in order to obtain a favourable social outcom e.Standardising this public opinion in relation to a professional setting, a business needs to portray an impression heartrending consolidated with a strong sense of reliability, transparency and good customer relations. A prime casing would be that of Econet Wireless Company, already with a well-established impression as the leading, most reliable telecommunications service provider, it is vital to be consistent with such an impression. This is most evident in their customer relations which are kind and extremely efficient a dedication to fulfilling a corporate social responsibility through their Econet experience Programme is reflective of an approachable and selfless impression which they constantly subscribe to.Hence an analysis of Econets impression management leaves us to conclude that although not completely a perfect impression due to ineluctable disruptions in network, Econet has a dominantly impeccable impression which invokes consumer loyalty and an exponential grow th in terms on both customers and sales revenue and hence makes it easier to compare against other firms regarded as having a somewhat weaker, substandard impression such as Net One. There are a variety of social implications in spite of appearance impression management, but not all of the social implications are positive. Some of the repercussions are negative and can even be damaging to the person responsible for the implementation of impression management tactics. According to Newman (2009), Impression management can lead to the creation of damaged identities, which must be repaired in order to sustain social interactions (p. 183). Damaged identities and suffering social interactions can take a toll on a person, which enviably forces that person to retreat to impression management once again.Forexample, if a Muslim woman, who is dictated by religion to wear the traditional full body gear exposing only the eyes(termed the Burka) is placed in a banking professional environment su ch as that of Standard Chartered Bank,due to severe stereotyping it would serve ill at ease(predicate) for not only the individual, but the colleagues as well the customers and potential customers to conduct banking or business related transactions without invoking a degree of suspicion towards such a woman or a spirit of pity towards an inferred and assumed segregation of Muslim women. It may seem increasingly ironic that the tactic that nates up in the damaging and exiling of a person can be the very approach that puts that person back in the social standings. Impression management is a concept to be taken very seriously. It has the power and influence to create a favourable public opinion of a particular person, it can cash in ones chips a person in regards to social standings, and it can repair a damaged persona.Additionally, impression management has the ability to dictate a persons position in society, as commonly convinced(p) that a good impression management becomes ta ntamount to solid business relationships which serve to the advantage of an individual or a firm alike. Conclusion Impression management is a self-presentation technique that focuses on change a persons image in the eyes of others. Ever since Erving Goffman implemented the term impression management in 1959, sociologists and theorists have been studying additional aspects of the concept. Impression management presents constructive and favourable images to the public, supporting(a) a positive outcome. Impression management is a common underlying process that involves social and cultural implications.In regard to the social implications, impression management allows people to carefully craft and construct their public perception. In some cases, in order to obtain a favourable public or social appearance, a person must alter and falsify their persona. The social implications of impression management are not ever so negative, but there is a fine line between the positive and negative aspects. Impression management in relation to culture has a far more positive outcome. The cultural implications of impression management define the significance of cultural traditions, norms, and ways of life. The clothing people choose to wear, the words they choose to expend are all apart of the impression management process.It would be highly advantageous to implement means by which to improve on or further establish impression management through following the appropriate rules of etiquette in relation to the professional environment such as desisting from the use of cell phones during senesce meetings as it is disrespectful and conceited and above all a consistentupgrade and maintenance of ones impression or otherwise social facade. References Andersen, M. L. , & Taylor, H. L. (2006). Sociology The essentials. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Brym, R. S. , & Lie, J. (2006). Sociology Your compass for a new world. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing. Ferrante, J. (2008). Sociolo gy A global perspective. Belmont, CA Thomas Higher Education. Giddens, A. (2005). Sociology. Cambridge, UR, UK Polity Press. Newman, D. M. (2009). Sociology Exploring the architecture of everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA waste Forge Press. Sinha, J. B. (2009). Culture and organization national behaviour. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.

Ethnic Drinking Subcultures

Ethnic DrinkiETHNIC DRINKING SUBCULTURES by Andrew M. Greeley, WilliamC. McCready and Gary Theisen Chapter One (Page 1-14) Says Cultures ca-ca been subject to integrate drinking into a religious and symbolic context. Irish tend to have a drab drinking problem with drinking Jews and Italians do not. There are two psychological explanations to be make for alcoholism-cultural and psychological. In a culture in which the demands for male weatheriveness are senior high school and there is low support for assertiveness in the male role, the author argues that drinking increases in men at least.The author in addition discuss the influence of drinking socialization on drinking patterns. Does It provides the background knowledge required to get under ones skin the contents of the book. It introduces the proposition through specialized, concrete and qualitative premises. Chapter Three (Page 36-52) Says Different cultures are evaluated on the he characteristics of power and support. The Irish and Italians are high on power and support, while the Swedes and Jews are low.Italians and Jews are high on support than are Irish and Swedes. On this basis, it can expected that the groups would rank themselves in legal injury of alcohol consumption in the following order irish, Swedes, Italians, Jews. Thus, there is a striking difference in the drinking environment of each drinking group. Does It provides reasons in support of the proposition. It provides concrete and qualitative examples. It also provides several(prenominal) descriptive examples and qualitative evidence.Chapter Six (Page 83-89) Says The chapter examines whether the different ethnic groups may have different addiction subcultures. The Irish may drink more because they have an oral dependency subculture. While various groups do not differ tremendously in their adolescent years in their levels of drug consumption, young people from the different groups seem to find their way into peer-group environme nts where the propensity to abuse alcohol and drugs is high.Does It provides several specialized and concrete research findings. It introduces several implications of the proposition. Chapter ogdoad (Page 95-101) Says There are different drinking subcultures among ethnic groups studied, which influence the drinking behavior and ones propensity to have drinking problems. These cultures are remarkably durable, persisting across generations. Does It provides a conclusion for the book, and highlights the most important facts link to drinking and ethnicity.

The Learning Process

According to constructivist theories of learning, an individual learns innovations by interpreting and maturation meanings of things, such as their experiences or study encountered, based on their existing knowledge. (Newhouse, Trinidad, & Clarkson, 2002, p.7 Richardson, 2003, p. 1625) Accordingly, individual learning occurs in two ways first, by acquiring knowledge from his or her interaction with his or her immediate purlieu and second, by gaining knowledge from formal settings and instruction. (Newhouse, Trinidad, & Clarkson, 2002, p. 7) Thus, an individual learns from his or her active participation in making backbone of new information and experience obtained from either an informal or formal setting.Critical mentation is a form of a higher order seeing skill or metacognitive process that involves collecting, sorting, analyzing, and concluding from information to meet a goal or objective. (Wilson, 2000, p. 7) Critical thinking goes beyond mere knowledge and concept acquis ition. (ibid) It involves being able to judge the relevance of the knowledge acquired and knowing how to apply knowledge to varying areas or domains of learning.Improving thinking skills necessitate approaches that stimulate the learners interest and provide opportunities for the individual to pertain his or her existing knowledge to new realities and experiences. For instance, Newhouse, Trinidad, & Clarkson (2002) suggest the use of calculator-based learning systems in the classroom as a strategy to teach higher order thinking skills and improve the learning of students. (p. 11) The authors argue that computer technologies have the potential to create learning environments that support the development of problem solving and critical thinking skills in students by exposing them to experiences that require extending and challenging their ways of thinking and acting. (p. 13) Hence, computers allow students to improve the way they think and use knowledge.Work CitedNewhouse, P.C., Tri nidad, S., & B. Clarkson (2002). Quality pedagogy and effective learning with Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) a brushup of the literature. Perth, Western Australia Specialist Educational Services.Richardson, Virginia (2003). Constructivist pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 105(9) 1623-1640.Wilson, Valerie (2000). Can thinking skills be taught? In Education Forum for intellection Skills (appendix 3). Scottish Council for Research in Education. Retrieved April 27, 2008 from http//www.scre.ac.uk/scot-research/thinking/index.html

Benefits of Activity Based Costing Essay

In order to make a profit on production, the firm would have to fault a toll that is greater than the cost of production. Gener everyy, the cost of production is understood to be the cost of producing a good plus the cost of transportation to the consumer. In order to stay in business, and therefore, to avoid losings at all possible cost the firm must cover all costs relate to the production of the good and include all costs to deliver the same to the consumer at a price that is higher than the cost of production.The operating(a) or overheard expenses of an enterprise ar generated by its activities to perform its business and/or manufacturing processes successfully. As its name implies, activity based cost relates the costs facing the enterprise to its various activities. By so doing, this formation of cost provides pretty accurate information about costs, al gloomying businesses to effectively manage their bash expenses in order to increase their revenues (Cooper, 1988). It i s but commonsensical that companies whitethorn carry on cutting their costs once they know what is driving these costs.By improving their processes in order to cut costs, businesses may pretend greater profits than before. What is more, by identifying high be activities needed to baffle certain goods or reassure certain clients, companies may decide to focus instead on low cost products or customers by reducing their production of or dish up to high costing products or customers. In this way, they may electric switch their focus to products or customers that are more moneymaking to produce or to serve. Thus, management experts cite the future(a) benefits of activity based costing as opposed to traditional methods of costingIdentifying the most and least economic customers, products and channels. Determine the true contributors to and detractors fromfinancial performance. Accurately predict costs, profits and resource requirements associated with changes in production v olumes, organizational structure and resource costs. Easily identify the root causes of poor financial performance. Track costs of activities and work processes. Equip managers with cost intelligence to drive improvements. Facilitate better Marketing Mix.Enhance the bargaining berth with the customer. Achieve better Positioning of products. (Activity Based Costing, 2008). Businesses that benefit the most from activity based costing are those with high manufacturing operating expenses or crash costs. These costs may result from a assorted range or products, intensity of capital, or vertically integrated organization of manufacturing. Activity based costing may help such businesses not only to understand but too to control their operating expenses so as to increase their revenues (OGuin, 1991, p. 76).Organizations with large marketing, sales or distribution costs may also reap great benefits from activity based costing. As mentioned previously, this method of costing identifies those customers that are most remunerative from those that are least profit satisfactory. This provides insight to management on how to improve operations. With activity based costing, such businesses may be able to answer questions such as What discounts are appropriate for large orders? What size accounts should salespersons no longer call on? How effective is advertising to different markets? (OGuin, p. 76). Firms that are experiencing sluggish or low profitability on increasing sales may be suffering from growth that is unmanaged. It may precise well be that these businesses are selling products at losses to a number of customers. The accounting remains of accurately measuring costs, that is, activity based costing, would allow these firms to determine which of their customers and products are generating revenues and which are not (OGuin, p. 76). OGuin describes another benefit of the activity based costing system thusEven with a versatile product line or customer base and v ery high profitability, a company absent an ABC system is surprisingly vulnerable. Product profitability probably varies widely across the company. Highly profitable products present an irresistible target to new market entrants. Management should know which products are reaping enormous margins, so they can erect barriers to entry. (p. 76). Also according to OGuin, the activity based costing system provides not only strategic but also tactical benefits to businesses that implement it.Whereas benefits that are strategic in temper may be realized only once in a blue moon, for the simple primer that organizations cannot be expected to change their pricing, business operations, distribution or manufacturing processes each year tactical benefits may be realized constantly. Indeed, activity based costing could help businesses not only with reduction of overhead costs, but also just-in- m support, improvement of quality, decisions about design, and investment in capital. Thus, busines ses that implement the activity based costing system may improve their profitability on an ongoing basis (OGuin, p.76). In the twenty outgrowth degree centigrade, companies that have a competitive edge are those that maintain flexibility, a trend that has been recognized as a critical factor for success since the 1990s. Life cycles of products have been shortened and focus on the customer has become increasingly important. As economies of scale virtually disappear, manufacturing plants that are successful are those that are able to quickly introduce innovative products and economically produce small quantities. Activity based costing system can help businesses tremendously to achieve these goals.What is more, this system of costing could assist businesses of the twenty first century to achieve their goal to increase employee motivation. With the activity based costing system in place, employees increase their soul of business activities and therefore their involvement in business operations. So, for example, whenever they see a mound of papers they would see overhead costs, leading them to the following questions Why do we have so many bills? Why are there so many process involved in our purchase orders (OGuin, p.76)? Thus, the activity based costing system encourages businesses to push their rates of cost drivers down. This helps in the reduction of time to setup, streamlines buying, in addition to time taken to development a product. When costs are attached to each of these processes or activities, management may not only measure but also plan improvement (OGuin, p. 76). As mentioned before, some of these improvements may entail reducing production of goods or service to customers that cost more to produce or service than the others.Hence, the activity based costing system may also lead the business that implements it to improve upon its marketing mix or positioning of its products. If products and customers that cost more than the others are required by the company to produce or serve in the same quantity as before, however, activity based costing system helps the organization to improve its processes in order to decrease its costs without reducing the quantity to produce or serve. After all, it is only possible to improve inefficient processes.Because activity based costing allows the company to count the costs of activities against their benefits, firms that use it are in a great position to increase the efficiency of all of their processes so as to gain competitive advantages. References Activity Based Costing. (2008). Value Based Management. Retrieved Jan 27, 2009, from http//www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_abc. html. Cooper, R. (1988, Summer). The test of Activity-Based Costing Part One What is an Activity-Based Cost System? Journal of Cost Management, pp. 45-54. OGuin, M. C. (1991). The Complete campaign to Activity-based Costing. Chicago, IL CCH Tax and Accounting.