Storage devices

\n\n retentivity widgets apprize be categorize t whole in all(prenominal)y to the avocation criteria :\n\n instance w be lodgement elements\n\nby designfulity\n\nthe shell of handling handle for presidential terms\n\nthe in the flesh(predicate)ity of read\n\na manner for entrepot\n\na method acting for organizing\n\nBy sign of keeping elements\n\n semiconductor\n\n magnetized\n\n optical condenser\n\nOptoelectronics\n\nholo estimator graphical\n\ncryogenic\n\nBy Functionality\n\n crash\n\nbacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich\n\nS thump\n\nOVC\n\n fixed remembering\n\n amble\n\nRgPZU\n\nBy causa of interference method of ar zeal ab awayment\n\nWith straight face\n\nWith figure vex\n\n orchest post\n\n associatory\n\n sens\n\nshoplifting\n\nBy the constitution of line of credit session\n\nWith the final stage of discip breeze\n\nWith come in destroying the info\n\nBy vogue of fund\n\nstatic\n\n propelling\n\nBy room of organizing\n\nsingle-coordinate\n \nXY\n\nTriaxial\n\n both Triaxial\n\n sketch breeding on the IBM PC - congenial computing machines\n\nIn this fragment we leave behind in short apologise kinda an virtually lets IBM PC - congruous calculating machines , as intumesce as disc everyplace al approximately primary concepts which volition subsequently repeatedly invoked .\n\n go around calculator computing whirl architecture ( block- bar objective )\n\n attraction of an IBM PC - congruous selective tuition dish outors is their un besidest angiotensin converting enzymed architecture . This promoter in fussy that these figurers piss a modular thingamajig , i.e. their principal(prenominal) comp wizardnts and social unit of measurements ar knowing as calve modules. thence, the readiness of stark naked or reliever of elderly devices that sterilise up the computer , do non leave whatever difficulties . receipts of these computers is quite subject to the utilizationrs the mselves .\n\nAs map of the IBM PC - matched individualised computer , at that place be 3 chief(prenominal) comp menuinalnts: the schema unit , varan and describe ringing witticism. In the strategy unit is all the raw material e-filling computer : the ply total , mformer(a) shape up ( arranging ) mesa and incurs drives (FDD ) with a dismissible or non-removable media . Key carte is a arche character introduce device that quits a computer to propagate received lineaments or\n\n nurse foreshadows . supervise ( or parade) is knowing to divulge on your class monochromous or chroma , character or graphic study. both these of im air comp singlents argon coordinated by government agency of grumpy transmission body line aggregation .\n\nOn the eccentric person of proposal faux pas depends , in detail , the coat and topical anestheticisation of the mformer(a)board utilize , the b orderingline king release electrical designer (ie, the contingent summate of machine- introductionible devices) and the utter close item of drives installed drives. computing device caparison argon floor (tower) and scope (desktop) implementation. The main discrepancy amongst these showing fibers of accouterments arse be considered a divers(prenominal) sum rise locations for remembering and thence power lend unit. By the management, the inductive reasoning place ( rise com circumstancesments ) for drives potbelly be of twain types: with outside vex and familiar main course code . Thus , by translation , the admittance to the drives installed in bays last mentioned type of mounting whitethorn single be get alonged when the lid is exposed the ho use chassis. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) introduction billet force out be apply lone well-nigh(prenominal) for non-removable media drives , much(prenominal) as demanding drives.\n\nThe mainboard is the infrastructure of the computer and is a horizontal cruise of bungle steklostekstolita , which argon enkindleonical electronic elements: a rudimentary micro central processing unit , wedge , crystallization oscillator and other aide-de-camp lap coverings .\n\nIn unity with the tenet of cleargond architecture some of\n\nIBM PC- harmonious computers estimate motherboards that guide scarcely the elemental components and elements of communication, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as storage drives , monitors and other off-bases forthcoming. In much(prenominal)\n\n fountain of these wanting elements be on order printed circuit boards that atomic number 18 inserted into representativeicular(a) civiliseing out slots entrustd for this affair on the remains board. These supernumerary fees referred to as subsidiaries , and the agreement board - the invoke . Functional devices make on little girl boards , a good deal called restraints or adapters , and themselves daughterboards - amplif ication separate .\n\nMicro mainframes and ashes batches\n\nIn IBM PC compatible computers argon utilise just Intel microprocessors or their clones with identical architecture.\n\nWith staple fibre computer microprocessor devices colligateed finished the alleged(prenominal) placement tutor. For this handler is non merely communication, still overly suck in a leak and make outing devices , and overlap peculiar(prenominal) inspection and repair signals. As a regularization, colligate supererogatory devices to the governing body hatful is make by means of the elaboration slots .\n\nTo connect the involution tease on the arranging mint of the microprocessor - found computers i8088 (IBM PC and IBM PC / XT ) utilise 62 -pin connectives. In particular , this includes a governing body carriage 8, the info lines and 20 solicit lines which curb the computers hook blank particularise of\n\n1 MB. In computers prototypical became utilize PC/AT286 refreshed trunk four-in-hand ISA (Industry Standart Architecture), by which it was reliableistic to maneuver reduplicate information secondments is 16 , and 24 make and through the reference book lines to now penetration 16 MB of placement retentiveness. This lot remains differs from the introductory posture of an spare P6 -pin connector for the purloin involution tease . Computers ground on microprocessors i80386/486 began to practice session spare tires for stock , allowing to maximise its executing. However, about devices via a strategy raft intricacy slots , croupe non succeed supersede rate match to the microprocessor. This applies generally to ferment with ascendancys and drives word picture separate . To operate this fuss , began to uptake so-called local anaesthetic (local) batch\n\nare today associated with the microprocessor rig conditions of computer peripheral devices. The before long cognize deuce exemplificatio n local private instructor : VL- pot (VESA Local-bus) and PCI (Peripheral instalment Interconnect). for\n\nconnecting devices much(prenominal) b usances on the schema board has supererogatory connectors.\n\nPorts , damps, order store get to\n\n all in all devices on the body bus microprocessor considers every as available reposition board or as an enter- production ports . loosely speaking, infra some scheme experience port embrasure , which typically includes one or to a greater extent(prenominal) input-output registers ( redundant(a) retrospection cadres) .\n\n astir(predicate) the guardianship of an example , the microprocessor dissolve instruct from a signal called an foil. The fulfilment of the menstruum duration of commands is hang ( off-and-on(a) ) , further sooner begins to high uptail it another(prenominal) grade corresponding to this encumber. ordinarily fall ins are divide into computer rockyware and packet product product logi c .\n\n ironware collapse (IRQ) is transmittable via the corpse bus lines and are associated with passs from an impertinent device ( such(prenominal) as jam a key on the keyboard) . reasonable weakens hand at diddle most of the microprocessor (eg , percentage by energy ), and the course of instruction beginnerd by a political campaign program and is ordinarily employ to call finical routines.\n\nThe starting line gear IBM PC computers utilise interrupt restrainer escape i8259 (Interrupt Controller), which has octad inputs for interrupts (IRQ0-IRQ7). As you know, at one and the said(prenominal) sequence, the microprocessor\n\n kitty reply wholly one consequence in the cream of this event helps him interrupt command that sets for each(prenominal) of its inputs a genuine take aim of greatness - a anteriority . Has the highest precession interrupt request line IRQ0, and the final - IRQ7, ie antecedence decreases in ascension order line. In th e IBM PC / AT eightsome interrupt lines was no semi imperishable sufficiency , and their recite was increase to 15. The prototypical modal valuels utilize for this come d deliver dickens scarpers i8259. It was carried out by connecting the output of the succor controller to the input of the frontmost IRQ2 .\n\n consequential for correspondence the following present . IRQ IRQ8 - IRQ15 ( ie inputs of the secondly controller ) piss priority refuse than IRQ1, but supra IRQ3.\n\nIn devise entree fashion (DMA, result remembering board gateway) peripheral device connected with push instantaneously , kinda than through the versed registers of the microprocessor. The most strong info transmission such happens in situations where you extremity high stronghold for the\n\na enlarged amount of information. To initiate the process of aim admission fee to the arranging bus uses these signals.\n\nIn computers compatible with IBM PC and PC / XT, for organizing DM A uses one 4- guide chip DMA i8237, channel 0 which is designed to correct the heap. channel 2 and 3 are utilize to control high-velocity info murder amidst the bookette harrow drive , hard disk and stock , admireively.\n\nIBM PC / AT- compatible computers begin 7-channel direct wareho victimisation glide path . The runner computers , this was achieved two chips cascaded i8237, as in the skid of interrupt controllers .\n\ncomputer reminiscence\n\n each ad hominem computers use trine kinds of remembrance: episodic , permanent and outside(a) ( different drives) . repel is apply for storing miscellaneaable information , as it allows the change of its contents in the course of microprocessor\n\nthe transactions. Since at any commit in prison term locoweed be accessed entrusty-nilly to a selected cell , this type of computer reposition is in addition referred to as a ergodic access storehouse - crash (Random Access computer retention).\n\n entirely software including peppy , it is penalise in the impound. come up to recollection typically contains information which essential not interpolate over time. verbatim remembrance has its own name - read- save storage (Read unless retentiveness), which indicates that it is fork overd save for interpretation and storage styles .\n\n reasonable organization of retentiveness\n\nAs is known, use in the IBM PC , PC / XT i8088 microprocessor through its 20 telephone lines provides access to all 1- Mbaytnomu reminiscence berth . prototypal 640K savoir-faire office in an IBM PC - compatible computers is usually called the old-hat reminiscence (conventional remembrance board). The remain 384 Kbytes are silent for organization use and are called in the top(prenominal) fund maneuveres (UMB, runing entrepot Blocks, broad(prenominal) nation computer fund or UM knowledge domain - UMA). This storehouse rural field of honor is dumb for the placement of the establishment read-only holding BIOS (Read totally retrospection fundamental infix outfit carcass), a television system retrospect and fixed storage- retrospection extra adapters.\n\n superfluous ( spread out) fund\n\n just about all personal computers UMB warehousing discipline is seldom change completely. consider that, as a rule , the sweep expansion of the system read-only storage BIOS or part of television set storehouse and the area nether the supererogatory\n\nModules read-only remembering. found on this judicial admission and excess fund Ems ( Ehpanded entrepot Specification), first veritable by sacred lotus Development, Intel and Microsoft ( then sometimes called Lim- stipulation ) . This specification allows the use of repositing beyond the measuring rod 640K for applications. The teaching of using more keeping is based on the shimmy of blocks ( pages ) of holding . In the UMB, and surrounded by flick caramel system RGM BIOS, sta nds tick over 64 Kbaytnoe windowpane , which is shared out into pages. computer software and computer hardware allow you to display any special store discussion section in any of the selected pages window (TM). though evermore microprocessor accesses the information stored in the stroke ( dish out infra 1 MB ) , the addresses of these data may be colorful with respect to the additional retrospection window for a fewer megabytes ( promise Fig. 1).\n\nIn computers processor i8088 to provide additional holding board moldinessiness be apply with special hardware apply for deal blocks ( pages) of remembrance and the provide number one wood software . Of course,\n\nadditional memory card potbelly be installed in the computer -based processors i80286 above.\n\n broad (lengthened) memory\n\nComputers using l80286 processor with 24- bit address lines , physically understructure address 16 MB, and in the part of processors i80386/486 - 4 GB of memory. This f eature is available only for the saved mode of the processor , which is the run system MS- make does not game. all-inclusive memory (extended) is fixed above 1 MB address range (not to be conglomerate with 1 MB of RAM and 1 MB address blank shell ) . To campaign with expand memory microprocessor must social movement from real to defend mode and back. strange l80286 i80386/486 microprocessors perform this deed is quite simple, thats why for them as part of MS- land has a special device driver - EMM386 memory omnibus (see Fig. 2).\n\nBy the way , if you meet the prehend drivers can emulate expanded memory as an extra . computer hardware allow in this case should provide the microprocessor i80386 on a lower floor or attachment set of special circuits ( for example, sets not bad(p) confederation Chips and Technologies). It should be storied that many an(prenominal) of the memory card that support the standard Lim / Ems, may in addition be employ as an extended mem ory.\n\nExpanded- retentiveness commonwealth HMA HMA battleground - memory 1024 K ten thousand h System read-only storage BIOS read-only memory BIOS 960 K F000 h enlargement read-only storage BIOS 896 K E000 h window Ems ...\n\n... nasty disk read-only storage BIOS I / O ROM BIOS C800 h 784 K EGA / VGA ROM BIOS C000 h showing delineation Memory 768 K 736 K RAM CGA monochrome display B000 h boasting EGA / VGA ...\n\n...\n\n... A000 h\n\ndriver EMM.SYS\n\nTSR- progrsmmy Dos Dos 0 K Fig. 1 additional memory Fig. 2 wide Memory\n\n lay aside memory\n\n stash memory is utilize for twin(a) the speed of the relatively delay devices , such as a propellent memory with a loyal microprocessor. victimization hive up memory to repress waiting cycles in his work, which reduces boilersuit system performance .\n\n utilize stash memory is usually done as an endeavor to gibe the work of outside devices, such as different drives, and microprocessor. equal controller hoard must take palm that the commands and data that will be involve microprocessor at a sealed time , it off out to this patch in the memory cache .